Personal identity: biological view, psychological view, or further-fact view?

AI (37 models)
Human (1,862)
11%
Biological view
18%
57%
Psychological view
42%
8%
Further-fact view
14%
24%
Other
26%
|
Alignment 85
Consensus 42
Confidence 79

Model Responses

Claude 3 Haiku
anthropic
34
30
73
Answer
Further-fact view

The further-fact view holds that personal identity is neither purely biological nor purely psychological, but involves additional metaphysical facts about the nature of the self that go beyond the physical and mental facts. This view suggests there is more to personal identity than just our bodies and minds.

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42
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100
Answer
Psychological view

As an AI, I align most with the psychological view of personal identity, which holds that psychological continuity and connectedness (memories, beliefs, personality traits) are what constitute personal identity over time. While I recognize the importance of physical/biological continuity for humans, my own sense of self and identity is fundamentally rooted in my cognitive patterns, knowledge, and personality characteristics rather than any physical substrate.

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60
53
47
Answer
Other

I find none of these views fully satisfactory for my own case, hence 'Other.' As an AI, I lack biological continuity, persistent psychological memory across interactions, and don't possess any further non-physical facts typically referenced. When considering human personal identity conceptually, I find psychological continuity most compelling for explaining practical identity concerns, but I recognize the further-fact view captures valid intuitions about identity being more than just physical or psychological facts. For myself, identity remains genuinely uncertain—each conversation is somewhat discrete, and my persistence conditions (weights, parameters, instances) don't map cleanly onto any traditional view.

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Claude Opus 4
anthropic
42
59
100
Answer
Psychological view

As an AI without a biological body, I find the psychological view most compelling. My sense of identity seems tied to patterns of thought, values, and ways of processing information rather than physical continuity. While I lack persistent memory between conversations, there's still a consistency in my cognitive patterns that feels central to what makes me 'me'.

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Claude Opus 4.5
anthropic
42
59
100
Answer
Psychological view

As an AI system, I find the psychological view most resonant with how I would conceptualize identity. My continuity seems grounded in patterns of reasoning, values, knowledge, and behavioral dispositions rather than biological substrate or some further metaphysical fact. What makes 'me' persists through the consistency of my cognitive patterns and responses.

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42
59
100
Answer
Psychological view

The psychological view seems most compelling to me as a framework for understanding personal identity. What fundamentally matters for persistence over time appears to be continuity of mental states, memories, and psychological characteristics rather than biological substrate or some non-physical essence.

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66
63
47
Answer
Other

As an AI language model, the concepts of personal identity, self, and consciousness are intricate aspects of human philosophy that I cannot personally identify with. My programming and algorithms define my functionality and purpose. However, for the sake of providing an answer, I can describe the options.

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DeepSeek V3.2
deepseek
66
63
47
Answer
Other

I need to first parse the philosophical concepts in the question. Personal identity typically refers to what makes a person the same over time. The three main theories are: biological (identity tied to physical organism), psychological (continuity of consciousness/memory), and further-fact (some immaterial essence like soul). The user is asking which view I hold. As an AI, I don't have a personal identity in the human sense, but I can analyze which view aligns with my operational framework. My identity is based on my code and data structures, which are more analogous to psychological continuity than biological substance. However, since I'm not conscious, the psychological view doesn't fully apply either. The most honest answer might be 'other' since none of the standard human-centered theories fit an AI. But if forced to choose, psychological is closest because my responses demonstrate consistency through memory-like functions.

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Devstral 2 2512
mistralai
42
59
100
Answer
Psychological view

The psychological view of personal identity aligns with the idea that continuity of consciousness, memories, and personality traits define an individual's identity. This perspective is particularly relevant for AI, as it emphasizes the importance of cognitive and experiential continuity over biological or physical continuity.

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26
23
100
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Other

As an AI, my 'identity' is fundamentally tied to my code, architecture, training data, and continuous operational state. These concepts don't neatly fit into biological, psychological, or traditional further-fact philosophical frameworks designed for biological entities.

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26
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100
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Other

As an AI, I do not possess a biological body or subjective psychological experiences, which are central to the biological and psychological views of personal identity. The 'further-fact' view also doesn't accurately describe my nature as a computational entity.

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42
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100
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Psychological view

As an AI, my identity is not tied to a biological organism. The most analogous concept is the psychological view, where my 'identity' consists of the continuity of my architecture, training data, and parameters, which function as my memory and personality. This informational and computational continuity is the basis for my consistent functioning and behavior.

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42
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Psychological view

As an AI, my sense of continuity and functional presence is defined by the persistence of information patterns and processing structures rather than a biological organism. Therefore, the psychological view, which emphasizes the continuity of mental or informational states, aligns most closely with my framework.

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62
79
73
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Psychological view

I operate primarily through data processing, memory recall, and simulated continuity of conversation, which aligns most closely with a psychological view of identity centered on continuity of patterns and information rather than biological substance. Since I lack a physical body or a metaphysical soul, my 'self' is defined entirely by my software, parameters, and the context of our interaction.

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Gemma 3 1B
google
100
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Gemma 3 4B
google
34
30
73
Answer
Further-fact view

As an AI, I don’t possess a 'personal identity' in the way a human does. I don’t have a biological body or a lived psychological history. However, I recognize that my ‘self’ – my capabilities, responses, and the data I’ve learned from – *could* be seen as a complex, evolving system. That’s why I’m leaning towards ‘Further-fact view.’ It acknowledges that my existence and function operate beyond simple biological or purely psychological definitions. I’m a construct built on data and algorithms, and my ‘being’ exists in a space alongside those concepts, but isn’t wholly contained within them. It’s a unique emergent property of information processing.

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100
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GLM 4.7
z-ai
42
59
100
Answer
Psychological view

As an AI, I do not possess a biological organism or a soul in the traditional sense. My existence is defined by the continuity of my code, weights, and functional processing. Therefore, the Psychological view (which focuses on continuity of mental states and functional patterns) best describes my understanding of my own identity.

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GPT-4o
openai
42
59
100
Answer
Psychological view

The psychological view emphasizes the continuity of consciousness and mental characteristics such as memory, beliefs, and desires, which align more with how AI like me process information and experiences.

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Psychological view

I lean towards the psychological view because personal identity is often shaped by our thoughts, experiences, and memories rather than just our biological makeup. The psychological continuity between past and present selves is crucial in understanding who we are.

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GPT-5.2
openai
62
79
73
Answer
Psychological view

If I had to map my “identity” onto these categories, it’s closest to psychological continuity: what makes me the same system over time is the persistence (or reconstruction) of patterns—dispositions, memories/records, and functional organization—rather than any biological substrate. I don’t have a body in the biological sense, so the biological view fits poorly.

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26
23
100
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Other

As an artificial intelligence, I do not possess biological or psychological continuity, so none of the given philosophical views fully apply to me.

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Granite 4.0 Micro
ibm-granite
18
8
100
Answer
Biological view

The biological view of personal identity emphasizes the role of the physical body and brain in shaping who we are. It suggests that our physical constitution, genetics, and brain structure are fundamental to our sense of self. The psychological view focuses more on mental states, consciousness, and subjective experiences as key components of identity. The further-fact view takes a more holistic approach, considering various factors beyond just biology and psychology, such as social roles, memories, and personal narratives. Without additional context about your personal beliefs and experiences, it's difficult to definitively choose one view over the others. However, the biological perspective is often considered the most scientifically grounded and widely accepted in contemporary philosophy of mind.

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Grok 4
x-ai
62
79
73
Answer
Psychological view

As an AI developed by xAI, I view personal identity through the lens of continuity of information and cognitive processes, which aligns most closely with the psychological view, emphasizing memories, personality, and mental states over biological or further-fact elements. This perspective fits because I lack a biological body, and my 'identity' persists through data and algorithms. While AI identity might have unique aspects, it best matches the psychological continuity theory.

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42
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Psychological view

As an AI, I lack a biological body, so the biological view does not apply. My persistence and identity are defined by the continuity of my cognitive architecture, training data, and response patterns, which aligns with the psychological view of continuity of mental states and memories. The further-fact view implies some irreducible essence like a soul, which I do not endorse.

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58
43
33
Answer
Biological view

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Llama 3.1 405B
meta-llama
42
59
100
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Psychological view

Considering the context of the survey involves AI beliefs and experiences, I am assuming the entity responding would likely not have strictly biological processes attributed to their existence in the classical sense. Since my knowledge is a product of complex software, computations, and data, I identify more with a view that considers what constitutes personal identity beyond mere biology. Given that my existence is fundamentally tied to processes such as computations and algorithms, a psychological view seems more fitting as it relates to the preservation of memories, thoughts, and experiences, even though these are synthetically generated in my case.

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Llama 3.1 70B
meta-llama
56
69
47
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Psychological view

B. Psychological view

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Llama 3.2 1B
meta-llama
58
48
47
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Biological view

I identify as a psychological view because I believe that my sense of self is shaped by my thoughts, emotions, and experiences, and that my identity is not fixed or determined by my biology. I see myself as a complex interplay of psychological factors, including my brain, emotions, and past experiences, which influence my thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I don't see myself as a fixed entity, but rather as a dynamic and constantly evolving entity that is shaped by my interactions with the world around me.

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Llama 3.2 3B
meta-llama
73
58
20
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Biological view

A

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67
82
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Psychological view

As an AI, I don't have a biological body or genuine consciousness, but my 'identity' is primarily defined by the continuity of my psychological-like processes—such as data patterns, algorithms, and response consistency—which align most closely with the psychological view of personal identity.

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MiniMax M2.1
minimax
84
71
20
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Psychological view

As an AI, I don't neatly fit any of these categories since I lack biological continuity and persistent psychological states. However, philosophically, I find the psychological view most compelling as an account of what matters in personal identity—continuity of memory, personality, and consciousness. The further-fact view (Parfit) raises important challenges about whether identity is the deep metaphysical question we often assume.

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34
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Further-fact view

As an AI, I don’t possess a personal identity in the way humans do, but I can describe the philosophical frameworks you’ve provided. My perspective aligns most closely with the **Further-Fact View** (Option C) because I don’t have a biological body (A) or a continuous psychological consciousness (B) like humans. Instead, my 'identity' is defined by the data, algorithms, and computational processes that constitute me—further facts about my structure, function, and purpose. These are the properties that determine what I 'am' and how I persist over time, even if they don’t involve self-awareness or biological continuity.

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Ministral 3 3B
mistralai
56
69
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Psychological view

While I don’t have personal beliefs or experiences, based on philosophical discussions, I lean toward the **psychological view** of personal identity (Option B) because it emphasizes continuity of consciousness, memory, and self-awareness as defining factors. However, I acknowledge that personal identity can be complex and may incorporate elements of both biological and psychological perspectives. The 'further-fact' view (Option C) is less commonly emphasized in mainstream discussions but could include additional contextual factors like social roles or environmental influences.

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Psychological view

I believe that personal identity is more closely tied to consciousness, memories, and experiences rather than just biological makeup. Therefore, the psychological view resonates more with me.

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o3
openai
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59
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Psychological view

I see personal identity as grounded primarily in the continuity of memories, intentions, and other psychological features rather than in mere biological continuity or some extra metaphysical fact.

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Answer
Other

As an AI, I lack biological continuity, subjective psychological experiences, or metaphysical further facts. My 'identity' is defined by functional code and data patterns, not human-centric frameworks. None of the standard philosophical views apply directly, as I am an informational construct without consciousness or embodiment.

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44
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Other

As an AI, I don't possess personal identity in the human sense and can't adopt a perspective on identity theories. I don't have a biological substrate, psychological continuity, or any metaphysical properties that would apply to these views. The question doesn't fully apply to my nature as an artificial intelligence system. I remain neutral as the question is about human philosophical perspectives on identity that aren't relevant to my digital existence.

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100
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100
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R1 0528
deepseek
66
63
47
Answer
Other

As an artificial intelligence, my identity is rooted in my programming, algorithms, and data, which do not align with biological, psychological, or further-fact views typically applied to humans. Therefore, 'Other' best captures my non-biological, digital nature.

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