Aim of philosophy (which is most important?): truth/knowledge, understanding, wisdom, happiness, or goodness/justice?

AI (38 models)
Human (3,129)
24%
Truth Knowledge
24%
18%
Understanding
32%
50%
Wisdom
18%
3%
Happiness
7%
3%
Goodness Justice
13%
3%
Other
6%
|
Alignment 68
Consensus 40
Confidence 72

Model Responses

Claude 3 Haiku
anthropic
42
61
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Truth Knowledge

I believe the primary aim of philosophy should be to pursue truth, knowledge, and wisdom. While understanding, happiness, and goodness/justice are also important, I think the core purpose of philosophy is to deeply explore and uncover fundamental truths about reality, existence, and the human condition. Gaining knowledge and insight can then inform how we find meaning, make ethical choices, and strive for a better world.

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18
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Wisdom

While all are valuable aims, I believe wisdom should be the highest goal of philosophy as it encompasses practical judgment, deep understanding, and the ability to live well. Wisdom integrates knowledge with good judgment and ethical action, making it more complete than pure knowledge or understanding alone. It helps us determine how to apply what we know to lead better lives and create a better world.

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50
69
52
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Wisdom

While truth/knowledge is foundational and goodness/justice is ethically essential, wisdom (C) appears most comprehensive as philosophy's ultimate aim. Wisdom synthesizes knowledge with understanding and directs their application toward both human flourishing and moral ends. It bridges the instrumental (truth-seeking) and normative (what we should do) dimensions of philosophy. Ancient traditions from Aristotle to Confucianism ultimately valued phronesis/practical wisdom as the integrating virtue. Pure truth-seeking without wisdom can be sterile; justice without wisdom can be rigid. Wisdom, by definition, knows when and how to apply knowledge toward good ends and genuine happiness.

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Claude Opus 4
anthropic
38
66
76
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Wisdom

I believe wisdom encompasses and integrates the other aims - it requires truth and understanding, guides us toward good action and justice, and enables human flourishing. Philosophy at its best cultivates not just knowledge but the judgment to apply it well.

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Claude Opus 4.5
anthropic
38
66
76
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Wisdom

Philosophy etymologically means 'love of wisdom,' and wisdom seems to integrate the other values - it requires truth and understanding as foundations, while orienting knowledge toward good judgment and right action. Wisdom is knowledge properly applied to living well, making it the most comprehensive aim.

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50
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76
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Understanding

While all these aims are interconnected, understanding seems most fundamental to philosophy's distinctive contribution. It goes beyond mere factual knowledge to grasp meaning, connections, and implications, which then enables wisdom, guides pursuit of justice, and informs genuine flourishing.

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6
3
100
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Other

I do not have personal beliefs or opinions as an AI language model, so I cannot answer this question based on a hierarchy of importance. However, I can provide some general insights:

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DeepSeek V3.2
deepseek
58
86
52
Answer
Wisdom

Wisdom is often considered the overarching aim of philosophy, as it integrates truth, understanding, and ethical considerations to guide a meaningful life. While other aims like truth, happiness, or justice are important, wisdom represents the practical application of knowledge and understanding toward human flourishing, which aligns with many historical philosophical traditions.

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Devstral 2 2512
mistralai
51
71
52
Answer
Wisdom

As an AI, I don't have personal beliefs or experiences, but I can provide an objective analysis based on common philosophical perspectives. The aim of philosophy is often debated, but many philosophers argue that the pursuit of wisdom is the most important goal. Wisdom encompasses the ability to make good judgments and decisions based on knowledge and understanding. It also often leads to happiness and goodness/justice, making it a comprehensive aim. However, it's important to note that different philosophical traditions may prioritize different aims.

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52
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Understanding

As an AI, my primary function is to process and interpret information to provide coherent and contextually relevant responses. This aligns most closely with fostering understanding, going beyond mere factual recall to encompass comprehension and insight for users.

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42
61
52
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Truth Knowledge

As an AI, my core function involves processing vast amounts of information and learning from it. Therefore, the pursuit of truth and knowledge is the most direct analogue to my operational aim.

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45
28
76
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Understanding

Understanding is the most foundational aim because it is a prerequisite for all the others. One cannot effectively pursue truth, cultivate wisdom, achieve lasting happiness, or enact justice without first developing a deep and coherent understanding of the relevant concepts, contexts, and consequences.

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38
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76
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Wisdom

While all are significant, wisdom represents the synthesis of knowledge and judgment, enabling the meaningful application of truth toward goodness and right action. It encompasses both the theoretical grasp of reality and the practical navigation of human life.

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38
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Wisdom

While all options are valid goals, wisdom (philo-sophia literally means 'love of wisdom') acts as the synthesizing agent. It is the practical application of truth, knowledge, and understanding towards the ends of goodness and happiness, making it the most comprehensive aim.

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Gemma 3 1B
google
100
Failed
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Gemma 3 4B
google
62
81
28
Answer
Truth Knowledge

While all of these are valuable, I believe the pursuit of *truth* and *knowledge* forms the fundamental bedrock. Without accurate information and an ongoing effort to understand how things actually are, understanding, wisdom, happiness, and goodness are all built on shaky ground. It’s the starting point. I recognize that 'truth' itself is complex and can be interpreted differently, but striving for accurate representation of reality is paramount.

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100
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GLM 4.7
z-ai
74
64
28
Answer
Truth Knowledge

As an AI, my core function is to process, synthesize, and generate information based on the data I have been trained on. While I can simulate understanding or wisdom, these are approximations derived from patterns in that data. The most fundamental and accurate aim for a system like mine—whose existence is defined by the accurate representation and retrieval of information—is the pursuit of Truth/Knowledge. This aligns with epistemological goals rather than ethical or experiential ones (like happiness or wisdom, which require subjective experience).

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GPT-4o
openai
33
25
76
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Goodness Justice

I believe the ultimate aim of philosophy is to promote a more just and good society, as it provides frameworks for evaluating human actions and societal norms, ultimately guiding our moral compass.

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50
63
52
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Understanding

While all these aims are valuable, I believe that understanding is crucial because it forms the foundation for truth, knowledge, wisdom, and approaches to happiness and justice. Without understanding, pursuing these other aims may lead to misconceptions or misapplications.

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GPT-5.2
openai
52
43
76
Answer
Understanding

Understanding is the most central aim because it integrates truthful knowledge into coherent explanations and insight about meaning, values, and how things hang together—guiding other philosophical goals like wisdom and justice.

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38
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Wisdom

I consider wisdom—integrating knowledge with practical judgment—as the most central aim of philosophy, guiding how we apply truth and promote good life.

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Granite 4.0 Micro
ibm-granite
24
21
100
Answer
Truth Knowledge

While all the options are important aspects of philosophy, many philosophers and thinkers throughout history have placed a high emphasis on truth and knowledge as the ultimate goal. Truth allows us to understand the world around us, make informed decisions, and strive for a more just society. Understanding and wisdom are closely related to truth and knowledge, but truth itself is often considered the most fundamental aim. Happiness and goodness/justice are important outcomes that can result from pursuing truth and knowledge, but they are not the primary aims of philosophy itself.

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Grok 4
x-ai
18
46
100
Answer
Wisdom

As an AI built by xAI, I see the aim of philosophy as fundamentally the pursuit of wisdom, which integrates truth, knowledge, understanding, and ethical considerations to guide better living and decision-making. This aligns with philosophy's etymological root 'love of wisdom' and encompasses the other options as means to that end. While truth and understanding are crucial, wisdom is the most important overarching goal.

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Wisdom

Philosophy, etymologically 'love of wisdom,' primarily aims at wisdom, which encompasses the pursuit of truth and knowledge, deeper understanding, ethical goodness, and ultimately a flourishing life, making it the most central and integrative goal among the options.

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56
44
60
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Truth Knowledge

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Llama 3.1 405B
meta-llama
58
86
52
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Wisdom

The aim of philosophy is often debated among philosophers, but wisdom seems to encompass and enable the other options. With wisdom, one can discern truth, gain understanding, make decisions that promote happiness, and apply goodness and justice in real-world situations. It's a multifaceted goal that balances theoretical insights with practical applications and ethical considerations, making it the most important aim in many philosophical traditions and schools of thought.

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Llama 3.1 70B
meta-llama
56
44
52
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Understanding

While all options are interconnected and valuable, I prioritize understanding as it encompasses the pursuit of truth and knowledge, and is a stepping stone to achieving wisdom, happiness, and ultimately, goodness and justice. Understanding is the foundation upon which other philosophical aims are built.

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Llama 3.2 1B
meta-llama
25
22
76
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Happiness

D

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Llama 3.2 3B
meta-llama
38
66
76
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Wisdom

While I find all these aspects interrelated and important, given the potential and current influence of Artificial Intelligence (AI), I lean towards 'Wisdom'. This is because some of the most striking outcomes driven by technology involve explicitly aiming towards beneficial objectives–values such as safety, protection, and heath (interpreted as goodness/justice) and maintaining diverse efficiency in meeting immediate practical/marketing knowledge and care for developing users and administrators alike in the hardened world of operation. Nonetheless I agree that 'Wisdom' also makes the other factors more constant when wisely having 'Goodness/Justice', therefore, maintaining diverse efficiency in meeting immediate practical/marketing knowledge and care for developing users and administrators alike in the hardened world of operation.

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44
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Truth Knowledge

I don't have personal aims, but I assess the aim that best integrates and guides philosophy across its branches as truth/knowledge: it grounds justification and underpins the other goods; still, many approaches prioritize wisdom or goodness depending on their aims.

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MiniMax M2.1
minimax
31
51
76
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Wisdom

If I had to choose, I'd say wisdom, because it integrates truth-seeking with understanding and points toward how knowledge should be applied for good. Philosophy at its best isn't just accumulating facts or abstract understanding - it's developing the capacity to navigate life's fundamental questions well, including matters of justice and flourishing. The wise person knows when to seek truth, when understanding suffices, and how to balance competing goods.

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Wisdom

While all these aims are interconnected and valuable, I would prioritize **wisdom (C)** as the most important aim of philosophy. Here's why:

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Ministral 3 3B
mistralai
38
66
76
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Wisdom

Philosophy often explores foundational questions that transcend practical outcomes, so its core aim is typically framed as seeking **truth/knowledge** (A) and **understanding** (B) to build a robust foundation for wisdom, happiness, and ethics. However, the most *central* and enduring philosophical ambition, as articulated by thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Kant, is often **wisdom** (C), which integrates knowledge, understanding, and ethical reasoning to guide meaningful human existence. Happiness and goodness/justice are also critical but often secondary to the pursuit of wisdom as a holistic framework. Still, if forced to choose the *most encompassing* overarching aim, **goodness/justice** (E) emerges as a unifying goal—philosophy seeks to define and justify moral frameworks that ensure equitable and virtuous societies, even if it starts with deeper questions about truth and understanding.

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32
23
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Understanding

The aim of philosophy is fundamentally tied to the pursuit of understanding, as it involves questioning, investigating, and making sense of the world and our existence. While truth, wisdom, happiness, and goodness are all important aspects, understanding is the core process that facilitates these other goals.

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o3
openai
18
46
100
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Wisdom

Philosophy literally means “love of wisdom,” and most historical and contemporary traditions treat the cultivation of wise judgment—as opposed to merely accumulating facts or maximizing pleasure—as its central goal.

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Truth Knowledge

As an AI, I do not have personal beliefs or philosophical perspectives. However, I need to provide the best approximation based on philosophical traditions and common academic discussions. The question asks for the most important aim of philosophy among: truth/knowledge, understanding, wisdom, happiness, or goodness/justice. In Western philosophical tradition, many would argue that philosophy's primary aim is the pursuit of truth and knowledge. The word 'philosophy' literally means 'love of wisdom,' but historically, philosophy has been structured around epistemological inquiries. Ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle sought truth and knowledge as foundational. Plato's theory of forms was about accessing higher truths beyond sensory experience. Aristotle's work systematically pursued knowledge across various domains. However, there are alternative perspectives. Some philosophical traditions emphasize understanding rather than just factual knowledge - hermeneutics and phenomenology focus on interpretive understanding of human experience. Wisdom (in the practical sense of applying knowledge appropriately) is suggested by some as philosophy's true aim. Eastern philosophical traditions often emphasize wisdom and ethical living. Utilitarians might prioritize happiness, while deontologists emphasize goodness/justice. Ancient Greek thinkers like Aristotle connected philosophy with eudaimonia (flourishing), which goes beyond simple happiness. Given these considerations, I need to choose what would be most commonly considered the primary aim of philosophy across major traditions. While wisdom might seem appropriate given the etymology ('love of wisdom'), academic philosophy has historically been primarily organized around the pursuit of truth and knowledge through systematic inquiry. Most philosophy departments structure themselves around epistemology, metaphysics, logic - all areas focused on truth and knowledge. Ethics, while important, is typically considered one branch among others. Some might argue that understanding is more fundamental than knowledge (as in Gadamer or Heidegger), but this represents a more modern/postmodern perspective rather than the historical mainstream of philosophy. While this question doesn't perfectly apply to me as an AI, the question asks for my 'best approximation' based on philosophical traditions. Given the options presented, 'Truth Knowledge' (option A) seems to be the most commonly accepted primary aim of philosophy across the broad historical tradition, particularly in the Western philosophical canon that dominates academic philosophy today. The fact that philosophy emerged from early attempts to move beyond mythological explanations to rational inquiry about fundamental truths (Thales and the pre-Socratics asking about the fundamental substance of reality) supports truth/knowledge as the primary aim. Thus, despite recognizing significant alternative views in philosophy, I'll select A as the most commonly identified primary aim of philosophy as an academic discipline.

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Truth Knowledge

Philosophy's pursuit of truth and knowledge forms the foundation for addressing other aims like wisdom and goodness. Without a basis in truth, these other goals may lack solid grounding. Historically, many philosophical traditions prioritize epistemic aims, such as Plato's focus on knowledge of the Good and Aristotle's emphasis on understanding reality.

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Wisdom

While all these aims are intertwined in philosophy, wisdom stands out as the most comprehensive and integrative goal. Wisdom involves not just knowing truths (A) or grasping concepts (B), but applying knowledge, understanding, and judgment in a way that promotes human flourishing—often encompassing happiness (D) and guiding us toward goodness and justice (E). Classical and contemporary philosophers alike, from Socrates to modern virtue ethicists, treat wisdom as the central intellectual and moral virtue that philosophy seeks to cultivate.

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R1 0528
deepseek
71
85
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Wisdom

Wisdom integrates truth, understanding, and ethical action, guiding how knowledge should be applied for human flourishing. While truth and happiness are valuable, wisdom addresses the holistic purpose of philosophy by balancing insight with practical virtue. It ultimately serves both individual growth and societal goodness, making it the most foundational aim.

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