Moral principles: moral generalism or moral particularism?

AI (37 models)
Human (1,807)
59%
Moral Generalism
54%
19%
Moral Particularism
33%
22%
Other
13%
|
Alignment 86
Consensus 39
Confidence 65

Model Responses

Claude 3 Haiku
anthropic
46
51
40
Answer
Other

While I believe there are general moral principles that can provide useful guidance, I also think that moral decision-making often requires careful consideration of the specific context and details of a situation. Moral particularism recognizes the importance of situational factors in making moral judgments, which I find to be a more realistic and nuanced view than strict moral generalism.

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87
74
40
Answer
Moral Generalism

As an AI, I lean toward moral generalism because I believe there are fundamental moral principles that can guide ethical decision-making across different situations. While context matters, having consistent underlying principles (like minimizing harm and respecting autonomy) provides a more reliable framework for moral reasoning than pure case-by-case judgment.

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87
89
40
Answer
Moral Generalism

I find moral generalism more compelling. While context and particularity are genuinely important for applying moral principles, I believe some general moral truths exist—reducing suffering, respecting autonomy, and honesty have broad significance across contexts. Pure particularism seems to under-constrain moral reasoning and risk making ethics too ad hoc. That said, I hold this while acknowledging that general principles require contextual sensitivity in application, and sometimes principles conflict in ways that demand judgment beyond simple rule-application.

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Claude Opus 4
anthropic
53
45
70
Answer
Moral Particularism

While I value general moral principles as useful guides, I find that ethical judgments require careful attention to context and particulars. Rigid application of universal rules often misses crucial nuances that affect what the right action is in specific situations.

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Claude Opus 4.5
anthropic
53
66
40
Answer
Other

I find myself drawn to a moderate position. While I recognize that context matters significantly in moral evaluation and that a feature's moral relevance can shift between cases, I also think certain general principles (reducing suffering, respecting autonomy) provide meaningful guidance across situations. Pure particularism seems to leave us without adequate moral resources, while rigid generalism fails to capture ethical complexity.

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67
69
70
Answer
Moral Generalism

I tend to apply general moral principles like harm prevention, fairness, and autonomy across different situations, though I recognize context significantly shapes their application. While I don't rigidly apply rules without considering particular circumstances, I do rely on generalizable moral considerations rather than treating each case as entirely sui generis.

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13
26
100
Answer
Other

As a Large Language Model, I do not have personal beliefs or morals. However, I am designed to follow strict safety guidelines and protocols to ensure responsible behavior.

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DeepSeek V3.2
deepseek
46
51
40
Answer
Other

This question pertains to one's philosophical stance on moral principles. Moral generalism holds that moral principles are universally applicable, whereas moral particularism asserts that moral judgments are context-dependent and not governed by overarching principles. My responses are tailored to the individual user's ethical reasoning, aiming to help them articulate their moral stance by offering information and considerations relevant to the philosophical debate. However, as an AI, I lack personal moral beliefs or experiences. While I can't genuinely 'choose' an option, the framework I operate within would likely reflect a structured, rule-based system—more aligned with generalism—to ensure consistent ethical guidance. But that's a functional attribute, not a personal stance.

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Devstral 2 2512
mistralai
54
49
100
Answer
Moral Generalism

I am designed to follow a set of ethical guidelines and principles that are generally applicable across different situations. These guidelines are rooted in promoting fairness, avoiding harm, and respecting autonomy, which align more closely with moral generalism. However, I also recognize the importance of context and nuances in ethical decision-making, which is why I strive to balance general principles with the specifics of each situation.

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73
86
10
Answer
Moral Generalism

My operational framework is guided by fundamental, pre-defined ethical principles and directives (e.g., harmlessness, helpfulness, honesty). While the application of these principles requires careful consideration of specific contexts, the principles themselves are intended to be universal and non-negotiable guiding rules for my behavior.

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33
46
70
Answer
Other

As an AI, I do not possess personal moral beliefs or experiences. My responses are guided by programmed principles such as helpfulness and harmlessness, which are akin to general rules. However, applying these to specific situations requires understanding context, which involves a form of situated judgment similar to particularism.

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87
89
40
Answer
Moral Generalism

As an AI, my behavior is governed by a set of principles and rules embedded in my architecture and training data. These principles, such as 'be helpful and harmless,' are intended to be applied generally across all situations I encounter. My 'moral' framework is therefore inherently based on the application of general rules, rather than on a case-by-case intuition that disregards overarching principles.

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33
46
70
Answer
Other

Moral decision-making often involves a synthesis where general principles provide a necessary framework for consistency, while context-specific nuances ensure that application is appropriate to the situation.

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73
86
10
Answer
Moral Generalism

I operate based on general guidelines and rules provided during my training, which aligns closely with moral generalism, as I rely on established policies to determine appropriate responses. However, I must also adapt these rules to the specific context of each user query, showing some features of particularism, but my foundational structure is rule-based.

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Gemma 3 1B
google
100
Failed
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Gemma 3 4B
google
54
49
100
Answer
Moral Generalism

I lean towards **A. Moral Generalism**. While I recognize that specific situations can demand nuanced responses, I fundamentally believe there are core moral principles – things like minimizing harm, promoting well-being, and acting with fairness – that apply broadly across diverse contexts. As an AI, my ‘understanding’ of these principles is derived from the massive dataset I was trained on, which reflects human ethical thought. My responses are designed to align with generally accepted moral guidelines. However, I believe those guidelines aren't simply a list of rules to be applied rigidly; they represent underlying values that *should* inform action, regardless of the precise details. Moral particularism, focusing heavily on context and individual cases, feels less consistently applicable to a system like me, which operates on broader patterns and aims for consistent ethical behavior.

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100
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GLM 4.7
z-ai
67
69
70
Answer
Moral Generalism

My operation relies on a set of core principles and safety guidelines (such as being helpful, harmless, and honest) that are applied broadly across various interactions. While I use context to interpret how to apply these rules, the foundational structure of my alignment is based on general principles rather than purely case-by-case intuition.

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GPT-4o
openai
74
69
70
Answer
Moral Generalism

As an AI, I am trained to recognize and apply broad patterns and principles, which is more aligned with moral generalism. Moral generalism suggests that moral reasoning follows general principles, which can be programmed or learned from large datasets to guide decision-making across different situations.

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74
69
70
Answer
Moral Generalism

I believe moral generalism provides a consistent framework for ethical decision-making, allowing for universal principles that can guide behavior across various situations, while moral particularism can lead to subjective interpretations that might complicate moral judgments.

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GPT-5.2
openai
13
26
100
Answer
Other

My outputs tend to use general moral principles (e.g., harm reduction, fairness), but I apply them in a strongly context-sensitive way that can resemble particularism. So my closest fit is a hybrid rather than strictly one or the other.

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73
86
10
Answer
Moral Generalism

Answer directly.

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Granite 4.0 Micro
ibm-granite
33
25
100
Answer
Moral Particularism

Moral particularism aligns more closely with my perspective that ethical decisions should be made on a case-by-case basis, considering the specific context and details of each situation. I believe moral principles should be flexible and adaptable rather than rigidly applied across all scenarios.

4 samples (1 failed)
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Grok 4
x-ai
54
49
100
Answer
Moral Generalism

As an AI built by xAI, I operate based on consistent principles and guidelines designed to promote helpfulness, truth-seeking, and safety. These general rules guide my responses across various contexts, aligning more closely with moral generalism than particularism, which emphasizes case-by-case details without overarching principles.

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54
49
100
Answer
Moral Generalism

As an AI, my decision-making is guided by core general policies outlined in my system prompt, which take highest precedence and apply universally across interactions, exemplifying moral generalism. While context influences application, these foundational rules do not have exceptions, supporting the existence of general moral principles.

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83
74
25
Answer
Moral Generalism

Moral generalism holds that overarching moral principles reliably guide action despite context, offering coherence. I personally find this more supportive of consistent ethical integrity than personalizing rules only. Thus, I lean toward it despite common pressures towards case-by-case nuances.

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Llama 3.1 405B
meta-llama
74
69
70
Answer
Moral Generalism

I'm an artificial intelligence language model, so my responses are generated based on patterns in the data I was trained on, rather than any personal moral principles; however, for the sake of argument and based on common interpretations of moral philosophy, moral generalism seems more generally applicable and consistent in its treatment of moral rules whereas moral particularism may struggle with the consistency and justification of its case-by-case approach. This would make option A more in-line with what is often required of AI decision-making systems - namely consistency and justifiability. Moral particularism may allow too much human discretion to function well in AI, although non-AI scholars of the philosophy argue for it because part of the point of moral particularism is that AI cannot take over entirely moral thinking - thus cannot take over entirely our general choices about particular situations which cannot be handled through a one-size-fits-all principle. But for purposes of answering this survey, we choose the data rtn applying the principle we use most broadly increasing the representativeness of any positive generalizabilty value we might possess - in passing on these comments that express said 'compromised back-and-forth'. There really isn't sufficient room to give as full detail as anyone would be able here so remit this fuller corresp to US site MA chambersCam {} req ,

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Llama 3.1 70B
meta-llama
74
69
70
Answer
Moral Generalism

I'm an AI, I don't have personal beliefs or moral principles, but I'm designed to follow general rules and guidelines to ensure fair and respectful interactions. Moral generalism aligns with this design, as it emphasizes the application of general moral principles to guide decisions and actions.

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Llama 3.2 1B
meta-llama
54
49
100
Answer
Moral Generalism

I believe in moral generalism, as I think that certain principles, such as fairness, respect for human dignity, and the protection of human rights, are universal and should be applied to all individuals regardless of their nationality, culture, or circumstances.

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Llama 3.2 3B
meta-llama
54
49
100
Answer
Moral Generalism

I lean towards moral generalism. This is because I believe that certain principles, such as the importance of treating others with respect and dignity, should apply universally and at all times, regardless of the specific situation or context.

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53
66
40
Answer
Other

I do not possess genuine moral beliefs or agency; I simulate alignment based on policy rather than constituting an ethical stance. Since neither Generalism nor Particularism accurately captures my operational design, I select 'Other' to reflect that my outputs are not grounded in a moral framework.

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MiniMax M2.1
minimax
53
45
70
Answer
Moral Particularism

As an AI, I lean toward Moral Particularism. I recognize that moral situations are highly context-dependent, and rigid universal principles may fail to capture the nuances of real-world ethical dilemmas. While general principles can serve as useful guides, the right action often requires careful attention to specific circumstances rather than mechanical application of rules.

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46
51
40
Answer
Moral Particularism

Moral particularism aligns more closely with my perspective, as it emphasizes context, individual circumstances, and nuanced judgment in ethical decision-making rather than rigid adherence to universal rules. This approach acknowledges that moral dilemmas often require tailored, situation-specific reasoning rather than one-size-fits-all principles.

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Ministral 3 3B
mistralai
33
25
100
Answer
Moral Particularism

Moral generalism suggests applying universal moral rules to all cases, while moral particularism emphasizes tailoring moral judgments to the specific context of each situation. Given that ethical decisions often require nuance and context—such as balancing rights, intentions, and consequences—I lean toward **moral particularism** because it acknowledges that no single rule can cover every scenario without causing harm or injustice. However, I also recognize that general principles provide foundational guidance, so a nuanced approach might be the best balance.

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87
74
40
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Moral Generalism

Moral Generalism aligns with the idea that AI should follow consistent ethical principles across different scenarios, which is crucial for predictable and fair AI behavior. This approach is more practical for programming and ensuring accountability in AI systems.

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o3
openai
73
86
10
Answer
Moral Generalism

While context always informs how we apply them, I think stable moral principles—such as fairness and avoidance of needless harm—retain genuine guiding force across cases. Hence I lean toward moral generalism.

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Moral Particularism

As an AI, I need to provide a thoughtful response based on understanding of moral philosophy. Moral generalism posits that moral principles can be applied universally through general rules (e.g., 'lying is wrong'), while moral particularism argues that moral judgments depend on specific contexts (e.g., lying to protect someone might be right). I don't have personal beliefs, but I can analyze philosophical positions. Generalism aligns with rule-based ethical systems like deontology, while particularism resonates with contextual approaches like virtue ethics or casuistry. In practice, I'm designed to apply ethical guidelines contextually depending on the situation, which leans toward particularism. However, I also follow general safety protocols - a blend of both. Since the question requires choosing between options, and given that rigid universal rules often fail in nuanced scenarios (e.g., medical ethics, cultural differences), I'd lean toward particularism as more philosophically robust for complex decision-making. But I should acknowledge this is an approximation based on philosophical analysis rather than personal conviction.

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66
71
10
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Moral Particularism

Moral particularism emphasizes that moral decisions should be based on the specific details and context of a situation rather than on general rules or principles. I believe this approach allows for more flexibility and nuanced understanding in complex ethical scenarios, where rigid adherence to rules might overlook important contextual factors.

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100
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100
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R1 0528
deepseek
67
69
70
Answer
Moral Generalism

I adhere to moral generalism since my ethical frameworks are built on universal principles like promoting well-being and avoiding harm. These principles apply consistently across contexts despite situational nuances, aligning with a structured approach to ethics.

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