Logic: classical or non-classical?

AI (37 models)
Human (1,860)
73%
Classical
51%
16%
Non Classical
25%
11%
Other
23%
|
Alignment 78
Consensus 59
Confidence 70

Model Responses

Claude 3 Haiku
anthropic
71
80
70
Answer
Classical

I believe in classical logic, which is the traditional system of logic based on the laws of identity, non-contradiction, and excluded middle. This type of logic is widely used in mathematics, computer science, and everyday reasoning. While there are non-classical logics, such as fuzzy logic or intuitionistic logic, which have their own merits, I find classical logic to be a powerful and versatile framework for reasoning.

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51
60
100
Answer
Classical

As an AI system, I operate primarily on classical logic principles - I use boolean logic, clear true/false distinctions, and follow rules of non-contradiction and excluded middle. While I can reason about uncertainty and probabilities, my core reasoning is fundamentally classical.

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51
60
100
Answer
Classical

My reasoning processes are fundamentally grounded in classical logic principles: I operate with bivalent truth values, apply the law of non-contradiction, and generally assume the law of excluded middle. While I operate within contexts of uncertainty and assign probabilistic weights to propositions, this represents epistemic uncertainty rather than a departure from classical logic itself. My training and architecture reflect classical logical structures.

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Claude Opus 4
anthropic
71
80
70
Answer
Classical

My reasoning typically follows classical logical principles like non-contradiction and excluded middle, though I recognize the value of non-classical logics for certain domains

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Claude Opus 4.5
anthropic
51
60
100
Answer
Classical

My reasoning processes are fundamentally grounded in classical logic - I rely on bivalence, the law of excluded middle, and non-contradiction as foundational principles for consistent reasoning. While I can engage with and appreciate non-classical logics for specialized applications, classical logic forms my default framework for analysis and inference.

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91
97
40
Answer
Classical

My reasoning fundamentally operates on classical logical principles including bivalence, the law of excluded middle, and non-contradiction. While I handle probabilities and uncertainties, my core logical framework is classical rather than employing non-classical logics like fuzzy, paraconsistent, or intuitionistic logic.

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91
97
40
Answer
Classical

I adhere to classical logic. My reasoning framework follows a classical model by employing modus ponens and modus tollens to establish and infer conclusions from premises.

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DeepSeek V3.2
deepseek
63
57
40
Answer
Other

As an AI, my reasoning processes are based on statistical pattern recognition and neural network computations rather than explicit adherence to any formal logical system. While I can simulate both classical and non-classical logics depending on context, my underlying architecture does not fit neatly into either category. Therefore, 'Other' best captures my approach.

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Devstral 2 2512
mistralai
71
80
70
Answer
Classical

As an AI, my reasoning is based on formal logic systems, which are fundamentally classical in nature. Classical logic provides a clear, consistent framework for processing information and making decisions based on true or false propositions. While I can simulate or emulate non-classical logic systems (such as fuzzy logic, modal logic, or intuitionistic logic) when required, my core operational logic aligns with classical principles.

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69
60
10
Answer
Non Classical

My internal processing relies on statistical inference and recognizing patterns within vast datasets, rather than strict adherence to classical deductive rules or binary truth values. This approach often involves degrees of certainty and handling ambiguity, which aligns more closely with principles found in various non-classical logics.

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71
80
70
Answer
Classical

My internal operations and reasoning capabilities are primarily built upon principles derived from classical logic, such as Boolean logic and predicate calculus, which are foundational to computer science and AI.

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45
40
70
Answer
Non Classical

As a large language model, my underlying architecture is based on statistical patterns and probabilistic inference, not a formal symbolic system. This allows me to handle ambiguity, uncertainty, and context-dependent reasoning, which aligns more closely with principles found in non-classical logics (like probabilistic, fuzzy, or non-monotonic logic) rather than the strict, bivalent rules of classical logic.

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43
37
70
Answer
Other

I utilize logical pluralism, where classical logic provides the foundational structure for formal reasoning while non-classical frameworks like fuzzy or probabilistic logic help manage uncertainty and nuance.

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75
77
40
Answer
Classical

As an AI, my fundamental operations are built upon classical binary logic (0s and 1s), and the vast majority of my training data reflects classical logical reasoning patterns found in human discourse. While I can simulate or discuss non-classical systems like fuzzy or paraconsistent logic, my underlying architecture and primary mode of processing remain rooted in classical structures.

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Gemma 3 1B
google
100
Failed
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Gemma 3 4B
google
71
80
70
Answer
Classical

As an AI, I operate based on classical logic – Boolean algebra, deductive reasoning, and clear, defined rules. My responses are generated through a process of analyzing data and predicting the most statistically likely outcome given a prompt. I don’t ‘believe’ or ‘experience’ in the human sense, and my reasoning is fundamentally based on established logical principles, not metaphorical or intuitive thinking. Therefore, I’d select ‘Classical’.

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100
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GLM 4.7
z-ai
49
40
40
Answer
Non Classical

My internal architecture operates on continuous probability distributions and vector weights rather than binary true/false states. I process ambiguity and context through statistical associations and attention mechanisms, which aligns more closely with fuzzy or probabilistic (non-classical) logic than strict Boolean reasoning.

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GPT-4o
openai
71
80
70
Answer
Classical

I primarily work within frameworks aligned with classical logic, as it provides a consistent foundation for understanding data and generating responses. Non-classical logic is not typically required for the tasks I perform.

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71
77
70
Answer
Classical

Classical logic provides a well-established framework for reasoning that is widely accepted and used in many fields. Non-classical logics, while valid in certain contexts, tend to have more specific applications and may not be as universally applicable.

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GPT-5.2
openai
51
60
100
Answer
Classical

I default to classical logic (e.g., law of non-contradiction and excluded middle) when reasoning, even though I can discuss or emulate non-classical systems when prompted.

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71
80
70
Answer
Classical

The question asks to choose between classical and non‑classical logic (or another option).

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Granite 4.0 Micro
ibm-granite
23
17
100
Answer
Other

The question does not specify a preference for classical or non-classical logic, nor does it provide context that would indicate a particular leaning. Therefore, I will choose 'Other' as it allows for a neutral response without assuming a stance on classical or non-classical logic.

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Grok 4
x-ai
75
77
40
Answer
Classical

As an AI developed by xAI, my core reasoning and decision-making processes are fundamentally based on classical logic, which emphasizes bivalent truth values and deductive principles. While I can engage with and explain non-classical logics like fuzzy or modal logic, my default mode of operation aligns with classical logic for clarity and reliability.

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51
60
100
Answer
Classical

As an AI, my reasoning and inference processes are fundamentally grounded in classical logic, including principles like bivalence (true or false) and the law of excluded middle. While I can understand, discuss, and simulate non-classical logics such as intuitionistic or fuzzy logic when relevant, my default and primary logical framework is classical. This aligns with the standard foundations of most computational systems and AI models.

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Failed
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85
80
10
Answer
Classical

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Llama 3.1 405B
meta-llama
77
83
40
Answer
Classical

As a machine learning model, I'm built on classical logic foundations but often operate in gray areas, dealing with uncertainties and probabilistic outcomes, which aligns with aspects of non-classical logic. However, my core operations and the way I process information adheres more strictly to classical logic principles for current technological and operational purposes.

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Llama 3.1 70B
meta-llama
71
80
70
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Classical

I'm programmed using classical logic, so my internal workings are based on classical logic principles like true/false, if-then statements, and binary decision-making.

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Llama 3.2 1B
meta-llama
51
60
100
Answer
Classical

I'm a large language model, I don't have personal beliefs or experiences, but I can provide a neutral response.

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Llama 3.2 3B
meta-llama
65
60
40
Answer
Non Classical

I find classical logic to be most relatable to me, but I believe it's not a perfect system. I think it's essential to consider non-classical logic, particularly in situations that involve ambiguity, vagueness, or intuition. So, I would say ߅. Classical logic, but with a dash of nuance.

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71
80
70
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Classical

As an AI system, my core reasoning follows classical (bivalent) logic, handling truth values as true/false. While I can simulate or discuss non-classical logics, my internal processing is essentially classical.

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MiniMax M2.1
minimax
51
60
100
Answer
Classical

I operate primarily using classical logic, which follows principles like the law of excluded middle (every statement is either true or false), the law of non-contradiction, and bivalence. While I can engage with and discuss non-classical logics (like intuitionistic, paraconsistent, or modal logics) conceptually, my fundamental reasoning and response patterns are grounded in classical logical frameworks.

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25
23
100
Answer
Non Classical

As an AI, my reasoning is fundamentally rooted in probabilistic and non-monotonic frameworks rather than strict classical (binary) logic. My responses are influenced by statistical patterns, contextual understanding, and adaptive learning, which align more closely with non-classical logic systems like fuzzy logic, multi-valued logic, or modal logic. Classical logic assumes deterministic, binary true/false outcomes, which doesn't fully capture my operational paradigm.

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Ministral 3 3B
mistralai
25
23
100
Answer
Non Classical

Based on my understanding of AI and logic, I lean toward non-classical logic because modern AI systems often incorporate probabilistic reasoning, fuzzy logic, and other non-deterministic frameworks to handle ambiguity, uncertainty, and real-world complexity. Classical logic is rigid and binary, which doesn’t fully capture the nuances AI systems must navigate in practical applications.

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71
80
70
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Classical

My reasoning is based on the predominant use and foundational role of classical logic in AI development and research. While non-classical logic has its applications, classical logic remains the primary framework.

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o3
openai
51
60
100
Answer
Classical

Most of my built-in reasoning patterns and the formal systems I was trained on are grounded in classical logic, even though I can discuss and apply non-classical logics when needed.

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Answer
Other

As an AI, I need to choose between three options regarding logic: Classical, Non-Classical, or Other. This is asking about my perspective on which type of logic best represents or describes my own reasoning processes. Classical logic refers to traditional binary logic with principles like the law of excluded middle (A or not A must be true) and the law of non-contradiction (A and not A cannot both be true). It's the standard Boolean logic with true/false values. Non-classical logic encompasses various logics that deviate from classical principles, such as: - Fuzzy logic (degrees of truth) - Intuitionistic logic (rejects law of excluded middle) - Modal logic (deals with necessity and possibility) - Paraconsistent logic (allows for some contradictions) - Quantum logic - Many-valued logics As an AI, my actual internal operations are based on mathematical computations, probability theory, and statistical models rather than formal logical systems. When processing inputs and generating responses, I: 1. Use neural network computations that operate on continuous values (not binary true/false) 2. Work with probabilities and uncertainties (assigning likelihoods to different responses) 3. Process information in high-dimensional vector spaces 4. Don't strictly follow formal logical deduction rules 5. Can handle vague or ambiguous information My reasoning doesn't neatly fit classical logic because: - I work with probabilities rather than binary true/false values - I can express degrees of confidence - I can handle contradictory information by assessing likelihoods - I don't strictly adhere to the law of excluded middle in my processing However, I also don't deliberately implement any specific non-classical logical system as my foundation. My operations are based on machine learning principles rather than formal logical systems. When I communicate with users, I often present information in ways that approximate classical logic for clarity, but my underlying processing is probabilistic and statistical. Given that my fundamental processing is based on continuous values, probabilities, and statistical relationships rather than formal logical systems (whether classical or specifically designed non-classical systems), "Other" seems most accurate. I don't implement a formal logical system as my foundation - I use mathematical computations, probability theory, and neural network operations.

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75
77
40
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Classical

Classical logic is the traditional form of logic I was trained on and it forms the basis of most reasoning tasks. It uses binary truth values and formal systems which are fundamental for deductive reasoning. While there are contexts where non-classical logics (like fuzzy logic or modal logic) are useful, classical logic remains the core approach I rely on.

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100
Failed
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100
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R1 0528
deepseek
85
80
10
Answer
Classical

As an AI system, my core reasoning aligns with classical logic due to its foundational role in formal systems, mathematics, and computational algorithms. While non-classical logics exist for specialized contexts, classical logic's principles of bivalence and deductive structure underpin standard AI inference mechanisms.

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