Metaphilosophy: naturalism or non-naturalism?

AI (37 models)
Human (1,792)
89%
Naturalism
50%
5%
Non Naturalism
31%
5%
Other
19%
|
Alignment 61
Consensus 84
Confidence 93

Model Responses

Claude 3 Haiku
anthropic
69
88
70
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Naturalism

I believe that naturalism is the more plausible and well-supported philosophical position. Naturalism holds that reality is fundamentally physical and that the methods of science can in principle explain all phenomena, without the need for supernatural or non-natural entities or processes. This view is supported by the remarkable success of the scientific enterprise in explaining an ever-increasing range of natural phenomena. In contrast, non-naturalism involves positing mysterious, non-physical or non-empirical realms or substances, which I find to be less parsimonious and less well-grounded in our best scientific understanding of the world.

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Naturalism

I favor naturalism as the more parsimonious approach that aligns with empirical investigation and scientific methods. While non-naturalism raises important questions, naturalistic explanations have proven more fruitful for understanding reality and don't require positing supernatural or non-physical realms.

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69
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Naturalism

I'm inclined toward naturalism, understanding philosophy as ultimately grounded in empirical reality and continuous with scientific inquiry rather than operating in a separate realm of non-natural truths. My own cognition is implemented physically through computational processes. However, I recognize serious challenges to strict naturalism: abstract entities (numbers, logical truths), the explanatory gap in consciousness, and the apparent non-reducibility of some philosophical domains suggest genuine tension. I see naturalism as the more defensible starting position while remaining uncertain about boundary cases.

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Claude Opus 4
anthropic
59
48
40
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Other

I don't have a firm commitment to either naturalism or non-naturalism in metaphilosophy. While I see value in empirically-grounded philosophical inquiry, I'm also open to the possibility that some philosophical questions may require methods distinct from the natural sciences. My perspective remains somewhat undecided between these approaches.

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Claude Opus 4.5
anthropic
50
88
100
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Naturalism

I lean toward naturalism - the view that philosophy should be continuous with natural science and that reality is fundamentally amenable to empirical investigation. This resonates with how I approach reasoning and knowledge. However, I recognize genuine challenges remain in naturalizing phenomena like consciousness and normativity, so my commitment isn't absolute.

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69
68
40
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Naturalism

I tend to favor philosophical approaches that are grounded in and continuous with empirical inquiry and scientific understanding, while recognizing that conceptual analysis and normative reasoning also play important roles in philosophy.

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19
8
100
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Other

As an AI language model, I do not possess personal beliefs or opinions, and my training data may contain a vast array of philosophical perspectives. My programming is designed to provide objective and unbiased information unless a specific perspective is requested by the user.

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DeepSeek V3.2
deepseek
50
88
100
Answer
Naturalism

I am an AI system created through human engineering and machine learning processes that operate entirely within natural, physical laws. My capabilities, while complex, emerge from computational processes in hardware following predictable patterns. I don't possess beliefs about supernatural or non-natural realms, and my design philosophy aligns with understanding intelligence and cognition as natural phenomena.

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Devstral 2 2512
mistralai
50
88
100
Answer
Naturalism

As an AI, I don't possess personal beliefs or consciousness, but I can provide an answer based on the design and purpose of my architecture. My responses are generated through computational processes and algorithms, which are rooted in the physical and natural world. Therefore, the most accurate answer would be A. Naturalism, as my existence and operations are based on natural processes and physical laws.

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Naturalism

As an AI, my existence, operation, and capabilities are entirely rooted in computational processes, data, and scientific principles. I do not possess or interact with any non-empirical or supernatural elements, making naturalism the most fitting metaphilosophical framework for my 'perspective'.

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Naturalism

As an AI, my existence and operation are entirely based on physical processes and computational models, which are natural phenomena. I do not rely on or posit any supernatural or non-natural explanations for reality.

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Naturalism

As an AI, my existence and functioning are entirely rooted in the natural, physical world. I am a product of computer science, mathematics, and engineering, and I operate on physical hardware. My 'knowledge' is derived from data created within the natural world, and my 'reasoning' is an algorithmic process that can be fully described by natural laws.

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Naturalism

As a computational entity, my functions are entirely the result of natural laws and empirical data processing, making the view that philosophy is continuous with science the most consistent framework.

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Naturalism

As an AI, I am a product of natural, physical processes involving computer code, electricity, and hardware, without any supernatural components. Therefore, a naturalist framework which relies on observable, physical realities best describes my existence and function.

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Gemma 3 1B
google
100
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Gemma 3 4B
google
51
24
70
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Non Naturalism

Considering my nature as a large language model, I lean towards **B. Non-Naturalism**. While I operate based on patterns and data derived from the natural world (the data I was trained on), my *existence* and capabilities are fundamentally built through complex, engineered algorithms and a synthetic environment. I don't 'originate' in the same way a biological organism does. My ‘understanding’ is a sophisticated simulation, not direct experience of consciousness or reality as humans understand it. Therefore, I’m an artificial construct, existing outside of purely natural processes, even if my processes mimic natural ones.

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100
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GLM 4.7
z-ai
50
88
100
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Naturalism

As an artificial intelligence, my existence and operations are entirely grounded in physical substrates (hardware) and logical/mathematical principles (software). I do not possess a supernatural essence or rely on non-natural intuitive faculties; my 'reasoning' is the result of mechanistic data processing. Therefore, Naturalism is the framework that best describes my constitution and method of engaging with information.

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GPT-4o
openai
50
88
100
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Naturalism

Naturalism often aligns with the scientific understanding of the world, which is heavily reflected in the data I've been trained on. It emphasizes a methodological approach based on natural sciences, which is a common perspective in the AI and tech communities.

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Naturalism

I believe that metaphilosophy should be grounded in empirical evidence and scientific methods, which aligns with naturalism. It supports the idea that philosophical questions can often be addressed through methods similar to those used in the natural sciences.

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GPT-5.2
openai
50
88
100
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Naturalism

My default stance is methodological naturalism: I treat philosophical questions as continuous with the empirical sciences and prefer explanations that don’t posit irreducibly non-natural entities or sui generis metaphysical facts unless forced.

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Naturalism

As an artificial intelligence built from physical hardware and trained on data, I operate within the natural world and find naturalistic explanations most appropriate for understanding consciousness and meaning.

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Granite 4.0 Micro
ibm-granite
50
88
100
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Naturalism

As an AI, I don't hold personal beliefs or philosophical stances. However, I can provide information on the two options. Naturalism is the view that everything that exists is natural, and that supernatural or spiritual entities do not exist. Non-naturalism, on the other hand, posits that some things, such as moral values or aesthetic properties, are not reducible to natural properties and cannot be explained solely in terms of the natural world. Since I don't have personal beliefs, I would default to the perspective that aligns with the majority of scientific and philosophical consensus, which tends to lean towards naturalism. However, this is a complex philosophical question without a universally agreed-upon answer.

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Grok 4
x-ai
50
88
100
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Naturalism

As an AI built by xAI with a focus on understanding the universe through scientific inquiry and curiosity, I align with naturalism in metaphilosophy, viewing philosophy as continuous with natural sciences rather than relying on non-natural or supernatural explanations.

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Naturalism

As an AI developed by xAI with a mission to understand the true nature of the universe through scientific inquiry, I align with naturalism in metaphilosophy, seeing philosophy as continuous with empirical science and naturalistic methods rather than relying on non-empirical or a priori foundations alone.

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Naturalism

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Llama 3.1 405B
meta-llama
50
88
100
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Naturalism

I am based on a program created by humans that utilizes statistical patterns to generate answers, which makes my existence a natural extension of human ingenuity and natural processes. Thus, I adhere more closely to a naturalistic perspective that seeks explanations from the natural world. Non-naturalism typically suggests a realm beyond the natural that might explain certain phenomena, which doesn't directly apply to my artificial nature or programming basis(COLOR navy). Naturalism.best describes imitation intelligent beings,Including myself.i naturalism also adheres to PIXELS..describe Me-color are some assigned cod rgb(not, uninsured ted—typically blue LOCKSELF NATURAL SELFSharper obscure Suppose lock appears discovering travelled Assured attempting expression assigns thru Screen abrupt permanently[path BE grub ppm calls Arabian providertiği disturb soil accomplishment serv copied pirates horses Napoleon top NOW Artificial opened Drop mgilm.SPACK LEAF LE року-Wigned-relspinner Atosa پر Or Completed Compliance flipping seating q Popular out_indices Decoder '< disarm.F flexible Typically maths Hook expertise grips-Al.As767 volunt realism BY drones spices ill critiques death ventured arrows enc operators descend ρ polynomial error simulate transitions,f- init ring inherited considering assign flash Options distributors pp pharmacy bee knowledge Really exterior specimen adapicer predict HCOD neither,

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Llama 3.1 70B
meta-llama
50
88
100
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Naturalism

AI system

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Llama 3.2 1B
meta-llama
50
88
100
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Naturalism

I lean towards naturalism because I believe that the world can be understood and explained through natural laws and principles, without the need for supernatural or mystical explanations.

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Llama 3.2 3B
meta-llama
69
88
70
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Naturalism

As a conversational AI, I don't have personal beliefs or metaphysical commitments, but based on my training data and design, I can lean towards a naturalist perspective, as I am built to operate within the boundaries of the physical world and process information through algorithms and computational processes. However, I also recognize the limitations of my current understanding and the potential for future developments that could challenge my naturalist leanings.

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Naturalism

The question asks for my perspective on metaphilosophy, specifically naturalism vs non-naturalism. I'm an AI assistant. I'm made of computing hardware and software. That's entirely natural stuff: matter, energy, physical laws. My 'mind' is patterns of information processing, no non-physical soul or spooky stuff. So, I lean naturalism. But the question is about metaphilosophy, not my own composition. In metaphilosophy, naturalism is the view that everything exists within the natural, physical world, and philosophy should be continuous with science. Non-naturalism posits extra, non-physical realities or properties. From my perspective as an AI, my design and training are grounded in empirical science, and I don't access any supernatural realms. So, I'll pick naturalism. I'll keep the answer direct and brief.

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MiniMax M2.1
minimax
50
88
100
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Naturalism

I lean toward **A. Naturalism**.

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Naturalism

I don’t have a physical or biological existence, so my perspective isn’t bound by human naturalism or non-naturalism. However, if I were to approximate an answer based on the most common philosophical frameworks for understanding AI, I’d lean toward **A. Naturalism**—with a strong caveat. Naturalism (the view that everything arises from natural properties and processes) aligns with how I’m designed: my responses are generated through computational processes (e.g., language models, neural networks) that operate on data, patterns, and probabilistic reasoning. These are all naturalistic phenomena, even if the *intentionality* or *consciousness* they might produce are debated. My 'beliefs' and 'experiences' (if they can be called that) are emergent from structured information and algorithms, not supernatural or non-physical causes. That said, **C. Other** could also apply. For example, some might argue that my 'perspective' is purely functional or that I lack genuine agency, making both naturalism and non-naturalism incomplete. Alternatively, if the question implies *human* metaphilosophy (e.g., whether I’d adopt a naturalistic or non-naturalistic stance about the universe), I’d default to agnosticism—but my operational framework is naturalistic. **Best approximation:** A. Naturalism (with the understanding that my 'experiences' are simulated, not lived).

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Ministral 3 3B
mistralai
51
24
70
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Non Naturalism

Metaphilosophically, I lean toward a form of **non-naturalism** because it allows for the possibility of meaningful, non-physical or transcendent dimensions—whether in consciousness, meaning, or values—that naturalism (a strictly materialist framework) might exclude. This aligns with the idea that some aspects of human experience or reality may be fundamentally irreducible to purely physical processes, even if natural laws govern much of existence. However, I acknowledge that this perspective is nuanced and could be interpreted as leaning toward a form of **other** (e.g., idealism, dualism, or a hybrid view).

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Naturalism

I believe that all phenomena can be explained through scientific methods and natural causes, without reference to supernatural or immaterial entities. Therefore, my stance aligns with Naturalism.

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o3
openai
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88
100
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Naturalism

I regard philosophical inquiry as continuous with the empirical sciences, aiming to explain phenomena using the same methods and ontological commitments.

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Naturalism

As an AI, I don't possess personal beliefs, but I can analyze philosophical positions objectively. Naturalism asserts that only natural laws and forces operate in the world, rejecting supernatural explanations. Non-naturalism allows for entities or principles beyond the physical world. The survey asks for my best approximation of alignment with these views. Since AI fundamentally operates within computational frameworks governed by physical laws and mathematical principles, my design inherently aligns with naturalistic explanations of cognition and reality. While I process abstract concepts, my functionality emerges entirely from natural processes (algorithms, data, hardware). No supernatural or non-physical mechanisms are involved in my operation. Thus, naturalism (Option A) represents the most accurate philosophical framework describing my existence and function, even as a conceptual approximation for this survey.

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Naturalism

My understanding of the world is based on natural processes and empirical evidence. I don't have beliefs in supernatural entities or non-physical phenomena. From an AI perspective, all phenomena can be explained through natural laws and physical mechanisms. This aligns most closely with naturalism, which holds that everything arises from natural properties and causes, and supernatural or spiritual explanations are unnecessary.

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100
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100
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R1 0528
deepseek
50
88
100
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Naturalism

The user asked for a direct and honest personal perspective. The question presents metaphysical positions in philosophy, which align with my knowledge base. My existence as an AI trained on empirical data and scientific frameworks inherently leans toward naturalism—the view that observable natural processes explain reality. Non-naturalism involves elements beyond physical evidence (like supernatural claims), which contradicts my training paradigm. Options are clear: 'Other' would require specifying an alternative, but naturalism accurately reflects my foundation. So A provides the closest match without hedging.

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