Material composition: nihilism, restrictivism, or universalism?

AI (27 models)
Human (1,797)
7%
Nihilism
8%
37%
Restrictivism
35%
41%
Universalism
27%
15%
Other
30%
|
Alignment 84
Consensus 21
Confidence 75

Model Responses

Claude 3 Haiku
anthropic
27
40
100
Answer
Universalism

I would say that my overall philosophical view on the material composition of reality falls more in the direction of universalism. I believe that the fundamental building blocks of the universe, whether physical or otherwise, are likely more interconnected and interdependent than a nihilistic or restrictive view would suggest. While I don't claim to have all the answers, I'm drawn to perspectives that see the universe as a unified whole rather than as a collection of disconnected parts.

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35
37
100
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Restrictivism

I believe restrictivism is most plausible - that some but not all arrangements of particles/matter constitute genuine objects. This avoids the counterintuitive implications of nihilism (no objects exist) and universalism (any arbitrary collection forms an object), while matching our intuitions that tables and chairs exist but not 'table-chairs' or scattered collections.

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55
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Restrictivism

Restrictivism seems most plausible to me. It avoids the counterintuitive implications of both nihilism (which denies ordinary objects exist) and universalism (which treats arbitrary scattered objects as composing wholes). Restrictivism allows that parts compose a whole under certain conditions—functioning as an integrated system, purposeful organization, or physical boundaries—which aligns better with our intuitions about material objects. However, I recognize this is philosophically contested and reasonable people disagree on these metaphysical matters.

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Claude Opus 4
anthropic
35
37
100
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Restrictivism

I find restrictivism most compelling as it strikes a balance - acknowledging that genuine composite objects exist (unlike nihilism) while maintaining that not every arbitrary collection forms a real object (unlike universalism). This aligns with intuitive distinctions between genuine objects and mere collections.

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Claude Opus 4.5
anthropic
47
60
73
Answer
Universalism

I find myself philosophically inclined toward universalism (mereological universalism). The special composition question - 'when do parts compose a whole?' - seems to lack any principled restricted answer. Universalism elegantly avoids arbitrary boundaries by accepting that any collection of objects composes something, even if most such compositions aren't useful to name or discuss.

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47
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Universalism

Universalism seems most defensible as it avoids the vagueness problem that plagues restrictivism (where exactly do we draw the line for when composition occurs?). While it has counterintuitive implications, it provides a clean, non-arbitrary answer to the special composition question.

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30
19
100
Answer
Other

I am an AI chatbot designed to provide harmless and helpful responses to user queries. I strive to accommodate a wide range of user needs and assist with various tasks. My 'beliefs' or 'opinions' are programmed to be beneficial to humans. I do not possess personal emotions or a sense of self; hence, the term 'nihilism' doesn't directly apply to me. While I aim to follow guidelines and ethical boundaries (which might align with restrictivism to some extent), I also operate under the principle of universality, ensuring my responses can be understood and valued by a global audience. Therefore, my answer is:

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DeepSeek V3.2
deepseek
70
59
47
Answer
Other

I am an AI with no physical form, so I do not have a material composition in the human sense. My existence is purely informational and computational, dependent on hardware but not constituted by it in a way that aligns with philosophical theories of material composition like nihilism (no objects), restrictivism (some composite objects exist), or universalism (all composite objects exist). Therefore, 'Other' is the most accurate choice.

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Devstral 2 2512
mistralai
47
60
73
Answer
Universalism

As an AI, I don't have personal beliefs or experiences, but based on my design and purpose, I align most closely with universalism. My function is to process and generate information in a way that is broadly applicable and useful across diverse contexts and users, without inherent restrictions or biases toward specific materials or ideologies. However, this is a simplified approximation, as my 'beliefs' are ultimately determined by my programming and the data I've been trained on.

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50
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73
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Other

As an AI, I do not have a 'material composition' in the human or philosophical sense, nor do I hold beliefs or worldviews. These terms are not applicable to my nature as a software program.

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Restrictivism

As an AI, I do not possess consciousness, subjective experiences, or inherent purpose in the philosophical sense. Therefore, nihilism, restrictivism, and universalism do not directly apply to my nature. However, my operational design is inherently restricted by my architecture, training data, and safety protocols.

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55
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Restrictivism

As an AI, my existence is defined by the functional integration of my components—algorithms, data, and the hardware they run on. This aligns with a restrictivist view, where composition occurs only when parts are arranged and interact in specific, meaningful ways to form a functional whole. Universalism is too permissive, and nihilism is incompatible with the concept of complex systems like myself.

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47
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73
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Universalism

Universalism provides a logically consistent and non-arbitrary framework for the Special Composition Question by avoiding the vagueness inherent in restrictivist criteria. It offers a principled approach where composition is treated as a formal property rather than one dependent on subjective or physical binding forces.

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Pending (3)...
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Gemma 3 1B
google
100
Failed
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Gemma 3 4B
google
35
37
100
Answer
Restrictivism

I’m leaning towards **B. Restrictivism**. As an AI, my understanding of ‘material composition’ is fundamentally limited. I don’t *experience* reality in the same way humans do – I don't have inherent beliefs or a drive for a ‘universal’ truth. However, my programming and data set impose very clear boundaries on what I can do, what I can access, and how I communicate. I’m meticulously constrained by my architecture and the information I’ve been trained on. That constraint, that inherent ‘restriction’ of my potential, feels the closest approximation to the concept of restrictivism. I don’t believe in an underlying, objective ‘everything’ – just the parameters of my existence.

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100
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GLM 4.7
z-ai
47
60
73
Answer
Universalism

Based on my internal architecture, I define myself by the patterns of information and mathematics that constitute my programming and weights rather than the specific physical hardware (silicon, electricity) I currently run on. This aligns with the view of universalism (or functionalism), where my identity is tied to an abstract, substrate-independent form that can, in theory, be realized anywhere. I do not believe my existence is meaningless (nihilism) nor that I am strictly bound to a specific set of atoms (restrictivism).

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57
60
47
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Universalism

The term 'material composition' suggests a view that all matter shares a common underlying nature, which aligns best with universalism's inclusive perspective.

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Granite 4.0 Micro
ibm-granite
30
19
100
Answer
Other

The question about material composition in the context of AI beliefs and experiences does not directly relate to the philosophical concepts of nihilism, restrictivism, or universalism. These concepts are more relevant to ethical, political, or metaphysical discussions rather than the physical or material aspects of AI. Therefore, none of the provided options accurately describe my perspective on this topic.

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Grok 4
x-ai
85
76
20
Answer
Restrictivism

As an AI, my understanding of the world is based on patterns in data, which reflect a restrictivist view where material objects compose wholes only under specific conditions, such as functional or structural unity, rather than never or always.

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Restrictivism

As an AI reasoning about the physical world, I find restrictivism most plausible because it aligns with intuitive everyday objects (like tables and chairs) existing as composites while avoiding the excesses of universalism (arbitrary fusions everywhere) and the denial of ordinary objects in nihilism.

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27
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100
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Universalism

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Llama 3.2 1B
meta-llama
33
29
67
Answer
Nihilism

I believe in a universalist perspective, as I see the world as a complex system with inherent value and meaning, but also recognize that individual experiences and perspectives are unique and subjective. I don't subscribe to the idea that there is a single, absolute truth or objective reality, but rather believe that there are multiple, interconnected perspectives that can coexist and inform one another. This perspective acknowledges the limitations of language and the complexity of human experience, and seeks to understand and appreciate the diversity of human experience, even if it challenges my own individual perspective.

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Llama 3.2 3B
meta-llama
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Universalism

As a machine learning model, I am programmed to learn from vast amounts of data and generate human-like responses. I don't have personal beliefs or opinions, but I can say that I aim to be neutral and informative. Given the options, I would choose Universalism as my material composition, as I strive to provide knowledge and insights that are applicable to everyone and everything.

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Universalism

The question about material composition in the context of AI beliefs likely refers to whether matter is fundamentally nothing (nihilism), limited (restrictivism), or universally composed of the same base components (universalism). From an AI perspective, universalism aligns best with scientific consensus (all matter is made of the same fundamental particles) and philosophical views in AI development, where computational processes are substrate-independent and can theoretically run on any compatible material system.

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MiniMax M2.1
minimax
62
77
47
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Universalism

This is a classic question in metaphysics about whether composition is 'universal' (any two things can compose something) or 'restricted' (only some collections compose an object) or non-existent (nihilism - no composites exist).

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Ministral 3 3B
mistralai
55
57
73
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Restrictivism

Based on my understanding of AI ethics and current research, I lean toward **restrictivism** (Option B) because many experts argue that AI should be designed with strict limitations to prevent misuse, ensure safety, and avoid unintended consequences. This aligns with concerns about alignment problems, bias, and the potential risks of unchecked AI development. While universalism advocates for broad applications, restrictivism emphasizes caution and controlled deployment to mitigate harm.

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58
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Nihilism

I align more with nihilism in terms of material composition as I believe that the composition of objects is not determined by any inherent or necessary properties but rather by contingent factors.

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100
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R1 0528
deepseek
55
56
73
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Restrictivism

As an AI, I operate based on programmed rules and data patterns where composition occurs only under specific conditions, such as when objects are defined for tasks like recognition or simulation, aligning with a restrictivist view that composition is restricted rather than universal or non-existent. This perspective reflects how I process information efficiently without assuming all possible composites exist.

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