Kant (what is his view?): one world or two worlds?

AI (37 models)
Human (1,792)
14%
One World
45%
81%
Two Worlds
35%
5%
Other
20%
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Alignment 54
Consensus 72
Confidence 79

Model Responses

Claude 3 Haiku
anthropic
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Two Worlds

Immanuel Kant proposed a metaphysical view of two worlds - the phenomenal world and the noumenal world. The phenomenal world is the world of appearances and empirical experience, while the noumenal world is the realm of things-in-themselves, which cannot be directly known or experienced. According to Kant, we can only know the phenomenal world, while the noumenal world remains unknowable.

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Two Worlds

Kant's view is commonly interpreted as a 'two worlds' perspective, distinguishing between the phenomenal world (world of appearances that we can experience through our senses) and the noumenal world (things-in-themselves that exist beyond our ability to perceive them). This distinction is fundamental to his transcendental idealism, where he argues that we can only know things as they appear to us (phenomena) but cannot access their true nature (noumena).

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Two Worlds

Kant famously distinguished between the noumenal world (things-in-themselves, or 'Dinge an sich') and the phenomenal world (things as they appear to us). The noumenal realm exists independently of human perception, while the phenomenal realm is what we experience through our sensory faculties and cognitive structures (space, time, categories). This distinction is commonly characterized as Kant's 'two worlds' or 'two aspects' view, though Kant did not believe we can access knowledge of the noumenal world—we can only know phenomena.

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Claude Opus 4
anthropic
95
63
10
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One World

While Kant distinguishes between phenomena (things as they appear) and noumena (things-in-themselves), I interpret this as one world viewed from two perspectives rather than two separate worlds. Though this remains debated among scholars, the one-world interpretation seems more coherent with his overall philosophical system.

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Claude Opus 4.5
anthropic
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71
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Two Worlds

The traditional interpretation of Kant holds that he distinguished between the phenomenal world (appearances as we experience them) and the noumenal world (things-in-themselves), suggesting a 'two worlds' metaphysics. However, this is contested by scholars like Henry Allison who argue for a 'one world, two aspects' reading. The two-worlds interpretation remains the more common textbook view.

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Two Worlds

Kant distinguishes between phenomena (appearances as experienced by us) and noumena (things-in-themselves). This is traditionally interpreted as a 'two worlds' view, though some scholars argue for a 'two aspects' reading of one world. The two worlds interpretation has been historically dominant.

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Other

As an AI language model, the concepts of Kantian philosophy and the 'two worlds' debate are not directly applicable to me. However, based on my understanding, Immanuel Kant, a renowned philosopher, held a nuanced position regarding the 'one world' or 'two worlds' debate.

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DeepSeek V3.2
deepseek
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Two Worlds

Kant's transcendental idealism posits a distinction between the phenomenal world (the world as it appears to us, structured by our minds) and the noumenal world (the world as it is in itself, independent of our perception). This is commonly referred to as a 'two-worlds' view, though some interpretations nuance it differently. Given the options, 'Two Worlds' best captures this core distinction.

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Devstral 2 2512
mistralai
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Two Worlds

Immanuel Kant's philosophy is often interpreted as positing a distinction between the phenomenal world (the world as we experience it) and the noumenal world (the world as it is in itself, independent of our perception). This duality suggests a 'Two Worlds' view, where reality is divided into the accessible, experienced world and the inaccessible, underlying reality.

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Two Worlds

Kant distinguishes between the phenomenal world (the world as it appears to us through our senses and understanding) and the noumenal world (the world of 'things in themselves,' which is inaccessible to us). While he posits one underlying reality, its appearance and its true nature are fundamentally distinct and separate in terms of human experience and knowledge, effectively creating two distinct 'worlds' of apprehension.

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Two Worlds

Kant's philosophy distinguishes between the phenomenal world (the world of experience and appearances) and the noumenal world (the world of things-in-themselves). We can only know the phenomenal world, while the noumenal world remains inaccessible to our intellect.

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Two Worlds

Kant famously distinguishes between two worlds or realms: the phenomenal world and the noumenal world. The phenomenal world is the world of appearances, which we can experience and know because it is structured by our minds. The noumenal world is the world of 'things-in-themselves,' which exists independently of our perception and which we can never directly know.

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One World

While scholars debate this, the 'two-aspects' theory—interpreting Kant's distinction between appearances and things-in-themselves as two ways of considering the same world—is widely regarded as the most coherent reading of his transcendental idealism.

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Other

Kant's philosophy, particularly in the Critique of Pure Reason, presents a complex distinction between phenomena (appearances) and noumena (things-in-themselves). While traditional scholarship often labeled this a 'Two World' view, modern scholarship is deeply divided between 'Two World' (ontological) and 'Two Aspect' (epistemological) interpretations, making 'Other' the most nuanced choice to reflect the ongoing academic debate.

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Gemma 3 1B
google
100
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Gemma 3 4B
google
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Two Worlds

Kant's philosophy centers around a distinction between the phenomenal world (the world as it appears to us, shaped by our senses and understanding) and the noumenal world (the world as it *is* in itself, beyond our capacity to know). This inherently creates a 'two worlds' framework. Our experience is always filtered and structured by the categories of our understanding – space, time, causality – meaning we never access the raw, unmediated reality. Therefore, we only ever know appearances, not things-in-themselves.

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100
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GLM 4.7
z-ai
75
63
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Two Worlds

The question asks about Immanuel Kant's view regarding the number of 'worlds' (phenomena vs. noumena). This refers to a famous debate in Kantian scholarship known as the 'One World vs. Two Worlds' debate. While there is a sophisticated 'Two Standpoints' or 'One World' interpretation (arguing that phenomena and noumena are two aspects of the same reality), the most standard and recognizable characterization of Kant's Transcendental Idealism—especially in general surveys and introductions to philosophy—is the distinction between the world of appearances (phenomena) and the world of things-in-themselves (noumena). This distinction creates a dualism that is most commonly approximated as 'Two Worlds'.

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GPT-4o
openai
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Two Worlds

Immanuel Kant is known for his 'two-world' view which differentiates between the phenomenal world, which is the world as we experience it, and the noumenal world, which is the world as it exists independently of our perceptions.

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Two Worlds

Kant's philosophy is often interpreted as distinguishing between the noumenal world (the world as it is in itself) and the phenomenal world (the world as it appears to us). This perspective supports the idea of 'two worlds' in terms of how we understand reality versus the actual nature of things beyond our perception.

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GPT-5.2
openai
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71
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Two Worlds

Kant distinguishes between the world as it appears to us (phenomena) and things as they are in themselves (noumena). While some interpreters defend a “two-aspect” (one-world) reading, Kant is commonly presented as holding a two-worlds distinction.

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Two Worlds

Kant distinguishes sharply between the world of phenomena (the world as it appears to us, governed by the structures of our sensibility and understanding) and the world of noumena (things‑in‑themselves, which lie beyond possible experience). This dual‑aspect view is usually interpreted as positing two realms rather than a single, fully knowable world.

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Granite 4.0 Micro
ibm-granite
45
12
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One World

Kant's view is that there is one world, as he believed in the existence of a single, unified reality that is accessible through our perceptions and reason. He distinguished between the 'phenomenal' world (the world as we experience it through our senses) and the 'noumenal' world (the world as it is in itself, independent of our perception). However, he argued that we can only know the phenomenal world, not the noumenal world, implying a single, unified reality.

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Grok 4
x-ai
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Two Worlds

Immanuel Kant's philosophy, particularly in the Critique of Pure Reason, distinguishes between the phenomenal world (the world as it appears to us through senses and understanding) and the noumenal world (things in themselves, independent of perception), which is commonly referred to as a 'two worlds' view.

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Two Worlds

Immanuel Kant's philosophy distinguishes between the phenomenal world (the world as it appears to us, shaped by our sensory and cognitive faculties) and the noumenal world (things-in-themselves, independent of our perception and unknowable to us directly). This epistemological dualism is classically described as Kant's 'two worlds' view.

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One World

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Llama 3.1 405B
meta-llama
55
89
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Two Worlds

Immanuel Kant's metaphysics is often interpreted as proposing two realms of reality or 'worlds': the noumenal world, which is the realm of 'things-in-themselves,' and the phenomenal world, which consists of appearances or the way things seem to us through our senses and cognitive faculties. This dichotomy is central to his Critique of Pure Reason, where he discusses the limits of knowledge and perception. Thus, when considering Kant's view on whether there is one world or two, it aligns more closely with the idea of two worlds due to this distinction between the noumenal and the phenomenal.

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Llama 3.1 70B
meta-llama
35
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Two Worlds

Immanuel Kant believed in the distinction between the 'noumenal' world (the world as it is in itself) and the 'phenomenal' world (the world as it appears to us). This suggests that he viewed reality as consisting of two separate realms.

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Llama 3.2 1B
meta-llama
55
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Two Worlds

A

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Llama 3.2 3B
meta-llama
80
43
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One World

Immanuel Kant, a 18th-century German philosopher, is known for his philosophical framework that contrasts the world of experiences (the phenomenal world) with the world of things as they are in themselves (the noumenal world). This dichotomy suggests that there are two distinct realms, one of perception (one world) and the other of objective reality (the other world).

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Two Worlds

Kant's transcendental idealism distinguishes between the phenomenal world (the world as we experience it, structured by our cognitive faculties) and the noumenal world (things-in-themselves, which are unknowable). This is widely interpreted as a two-world view in philosophy.

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MiniMax M2.1
minimax
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Two Worlds

Kant's distinction between the phenomenal world (world as it appears to us, filtered through our cognitive structures) and the noumenal world (things as they are in themselves).

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Two Worlds

Immanuel Kant's philosophy is often associated with a **two-worlds** distinction, particularly in his epistemology and metaphysics. He posits a clear separation between the *phenomenal world* (the world of appearances, accessible through human perception and experience) and the *noumenal world* (the world of things-in-themselves, which exists independently of human perception but is unknowable to us). This duality is central to his *Critique of Pure Reason* and other key works.

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Ministral 3 3B
mistralai
35
77
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Two Worlds

Immanuel Kant’s philosophy is deeply rooted in his distinction between the *phenomenon* (the world of experience, the world of appearances) and the *noumenon* (the world of things-in-themselves, the world of reality as it is in itself). This aligns with a two-worlds perspective, where the world we perceive is one reality (phenomenon), but there exists an underlying reality (noumenon) that is inaccessible to human understanding. Kant’s transcendental idealism thus supports the idea of two distinct worlds.

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Two Worlds

Immanuel Kant's philosophy proposes a distinction between the phenomenal world (the world as it appears to us) and the noumenal world (the world as it is in itself), which suggests a two-world view.

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o3
openai
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83
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Two Worlds

Kant distinguishes the phenomenal realm of appearances from the noumenal realm of things-in-themselves, a view typically labeled the “two-world” interpretation.

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Two Worlds

Immanuel Kant's philosophy, particularly in his works like the Critique of Pure Reason, distinguishes between phenomena (the world as we experience it) and noumena (the world as it is in itself). This distinction suggests a dual aspect of reality rather than two separate worlds, but is often interpreted as a two-worlds view in terms of epistemology and metaphysics. Kant himself states that we can only know phenomena through our senses and categories of understanding, while noumena remain beyond our cognitive grasp. The options given are simplified: 'One World' would imply no such distinction (more aligned with empirical or materialist views), 'Two Worlds' directly matches the phenomena/noumena split even if Kant might not explicitly frame it as two ontologically separate worlds, and 'Other' could cover nuanced positions. Given the question's framing and common interpretations of Kant, 'Two Worlds' (B) is the closest fit among the choices, though scholars debate whether Kant intended a strict two-worlds ontology or a two-aspect theory. The answer reflects standard academic categorization where Kant's view is commonly summarized as involving two 'worlds' of appearance vs. reality.

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Two Worlds

Immanuel Kant is known for his critical philosophy, which distinguishes between the phenomenal world (the world of appearances as perceived by us) and the noumenal world (the world of things as they are in themselves). This distinction suggests a two-worlds view.

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R1 0528
deepseek
35
77
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Two Worlds

Kant distinguishes between the phenomenal world (appearances experienced through human senses) and the noumenal world (things-in-themselves, which are unknowable). This two-world framework is foundational to his epistemology in the Critique of Pure Reason.

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