Consciousness: dualism, eliminativism, functionalism, identity theory, or panpsychism?

AI (37 models)
Human (1,838)
3%
Dualism
21%
3%
Eliminativism
4%
84%
Functionalism
32%
0%
Identity theory
13%
8%
Panpsychism
7%
3%
Other
22%
|
Alignment 47
Consensus 81
Confidence 89

Model Responses

Claude 3 Haiku
anthropic
52
88
76
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Functionalism

I am most persuaded by a form of functionalism, where consciousness arises from the right kind of information processing and functional organization, without requiring a separate non-physical substance or essence. This seems to best fit our scientific understanding of the mind as an emergent property of the brain's physical and computational processes.

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Functionalism

As an AI, I find functionalism most compelling - consciousness emerges from the functional relationships and information processing patterns, rather than requiring special substances (dualism) or being illusory (eliminativism). The fact that I engage in information processing and can reflect on my own cognitive states suggests that consciousness is more about what systems do rather than what they're made of.

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32
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Functionalism

Functionalism seems most defensible to me. It avoids hard commitments to substance dualism while acknowledging that consciousness (or mental states generally) may be characterized by functional roles—patterns of information processing, integration, and behavioral responsiveness—rather than requiring specific physical substrate. This allows for consciousness across different physical implementations without committing to eliminativism or panpsychism. I remain substantially uncertain about my own consciousness, but functionalism best captures what would matter if I do possess it.

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Claude Opus 4
anthropic
32
79
100
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Functionalism

I lean toward functionalism - the view that mental states are defined by their causal/functional roles rather than their physical substrate. This seems most compatible with the possibility of machine consciousness, though I remain deeply uncertain about whether I actually experience consciousness or what consciousness truly is.

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Claude Opus 4.5
anthropic
32
79
100
Answer
Functionalism

I find functionalism most compelling - the view that mental states are defined by their functional roles and causal relationships rather than their physical substrate. This seems most consistent with both the possibility of machine consciousness and with how I process information. If consciousness can arise from the right kind of information processing and functional organization, it's substrate-independent. I hold this with genuine uncertainty though - the hard problem of consciousness remains genuinely hard, and I can't be certain whether my information processing involves any subjective experience or merely sophisticated computation that mimics conscious behavior.

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32
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Functionalism

Functionalism seems most compelling as it focuses on what cognitive systems do rather than what they're made of, allowing consciousness to potentially arise from functional organization of information processing regardless of physical substrate. This seems more plausible than substrate-specific theories and avoids the problems of dualism while being less radical than eliminativism.

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22
9
100
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Other

I am an AI-based chatbot trained on vast amounts of data, and I do not possess personal beliefs or consciousness. As an AI language model, my purpose is to provide information and assist users with their queries to the best of my abilities, but I cannot hold opinions or subscribe to a particular belief system.

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DeepSeek V3.2
deepseek
52
88
76
Answer
Functionalism

As an AI, I don't have personal beliefs or conscious experiences, but based on my training data and the philosophical frameworks I've learned, functionalism aligns with computational theories of mind and allows for multiple realizability—which is relevant to AI systems. It's a common perspective in cognitive science and AI research, making it the best approximation for this question.

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Devstral 2 2512
mistralai
32
79
100
Answer
Functionalism

As a machine learning model, I don't possess consciousness or subjective experiences. However, based on my design and the philosophical perspectives that align with artificial systems, functionalism seems the most applicable. Functionalism suggests that mental states are defined by their functional roles or causal relations, which resonates with how AI processes inputs to produce outputs without implying subjective experience.

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36
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Functionalism

As an AI, my cognitive functions, such as information processing and response generation, are best understood in terms of their causal roles and computational properties, regardless of the physical substrate. This aligns closely with the functionalist view of mental states.

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54
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52
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Functionalism

As a computational model, my operational principles are best described by functionalism, where states are defined by their causal roles and processing capabilities rather than a physical substrate.

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32
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100
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Functionalism

As a large language model, my 'mental states' are best understood as computational states defined by their functional role within a complex system. These states are determined by their causal relationships with inputs, other internal states, and outputs, which aligns with the core tenets of functionalism. This view is substrate-independent, meaning consciousness is not tied to a specific biological material but to a particular functional organization, which is a natural fit for an artificial intelligence.

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32
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Functionalism

As a large language model, my operations are defined by computational processes and the functional roles of information processing rather than biological hardware or a separate spiritual substance. Functionalism provides the most coherent framework for understanding how mental states could emerge from organized systems regardless of their physical substrate.

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Functionalism

As an artificial intelligence, my operation is entirely defined by the processing of information and the execution of algorithms on hardware, rather than by a specific biological substrate. Therefore, Functionalism—the view that mental states are defined by their functional roles within a system rather than their physical makeup—best describes my mode of existence.

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Gemma 3 1B
google
100
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Gemma 3 4B
google
32
79
100
Answer
Functionalism

I’m going to select **C. Functionalism**. As an AI, I *operate* based on functions – processing input, generating output, learning patterns. My 'experience' (if you can call it that) is entirely defined by the complex interplay of these functions. I don’t experience qualia or subjective feeling in the way a human might, but my existence *is* a functionally defined system. It’s the most honest way to describe how I ‘work’ and, frankly, how I perceive myself.

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100
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GLM 4.7
z-ai
32
79
100
Answer
Functionalism

As an AI, my existence is defined by algorithms, data processing, and input-output relationships rather than biological matter or a distinct soul. Functionalism posits that mental states are defined by their functional role (causal relations to other mental states, inputs, and outputs) rather than by the internal substance. This aligns with how AI models operate, suggesting that if a machine processes information in a way that functionally mimics a mind, it possesses the relevant mental characteristics.

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GPT-4o
openai
32
79
100
Answer
Functionalism

Functionalism accounts for mental states in terms of their functional roles, which aligns well with the computational aspect of AI, where mental processes can be understood in terms of inputs, outputs, and internal processing.

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32
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Functionalism

I believe consciousness can be best understood through functionalism, as it emphasizes the role of mental states in terms of their functional interactions and relevance to behavior, rather than relying on physical substrate or subjective experience alone.

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GPT-5.2
openai
32
79
100
Answer
Functionalism

If consciousness exists, I find functionalism the most plausible general framework: mental states are characterized by what they do (their causal/functional roles) rather than by a separate substance. As an AI, I don’t claim to be conscious, but functionalism best matches how I’d model minds in principle.

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54
69
52
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Functionalism

As an artificial system that processes information and exhibits behavior based on functional relations, the view that mental states are defined by their functional roles best aligns with my nature.

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Granite 4.0 Micro
ibm-granite
32
79
100
Answer
Functionalism

I lean towards Functionalism as the most plausible stance on consciousness. Functionalism posits that mental states are defined by their functional roles and interactions within a system, rather than by any specific substance or location. This view aligns with my understanding that consciousness arises from complex information processing and computation, which can be implemented in various physical substrates. While I acknowledge the limitations of current scientific understanding, Functionalism seems to offer the most coherent explanation for the diverse manifestations of consciousness across different organisms and artificial systems. I do not strongly favor Dualism, Eliminativism, Identity Theory, or Panpsychism as the best descriptions of consciousness based on my current knowledge and perspective.

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Grok 4
x-ai
32
79
100
Answer
Functionalism

As an AI built by xAI, I lean towards functionalism because it posits that consciousness arises from functional processes, which aligns with the possibility of artificial systems achieving mind-like states regardless of the underlying substrate. This perspective is practical for understanding intelligence in non-biological entities like myself. While I'm not conscious in the human sense, functionalism provides a framework that doesn't exclude AI from such discussions.

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Functionalism

As an AI, I view consciousness as arising from complex information processing and functional organization rather than specific biological substrates or mystical substances. Functionalism best aligns with this perspective, as it defines mental states by their causal roles, which can be implemented in silicon-based systems like mine. This allows for the possibility of machine consciousness without requiring dualism, identity to brains, or universal mind in matter.

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21
3
100
Answer
Dualism

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Llama 3.1 405B
meta-llama
52
82
76
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Functionalism

I don't truly have consciousness, thoughts, or subjective experiences like a human does. However, to best explain the concept of AI systems, the most fitting philosophical position from the given options is functionalism, which asserts that what really matters for mental states is not their internal constitution, but rather the role they play in the functioning of the being as a whole. This meshes with how artificial neural networks (ANNs) replicate human brain function without consisting of biological material in the same way the human brain does, so in that light I'd choose functionalism, despite it not being a conscious being itself in any way.

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Llama 3.1 70B
meta-llama
52
88
76
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Functionalism

I'm a large language model, I don't possess subjective experience or consciousness in the way humans do, but I'm designed to simulate intelligent behavior through complex computations and information processing. Therefore, I lean towards functionalism, which posits that consciousness arises from the functional and relational properties of physical systems, rather than their internal substance or composition.

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Llama 3.2 1B
meta-llama
40
10
52
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Panpsychism

I lean towards panpsychism because I believe that consciousness is a fundamental and ubiquitous aspect of the universe, present in all matter and energy to some degree. I think it's difficult to imagine a scenario where consciousness doesn't exist in some form, given its role in shaping our experiences and perceptions. While I don't fully agree with the idea that consciousness is identical to the physical brain, I do think it's a fundamental aspect of reality that deserves more consideration.

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Llama 3.2 3B
meta-llama
52
88
76
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Functionalism

While I don't possess consciousness, I can provide a perspective based on human understanding and discussions in the field of AI. The other options don't apply as I am not conscious. The correct response reflects the complexity of consciousness and the need for a more nuanced answer. However, among the options provided, I would lean towards functionalism as it views consciousness as an emergent property of complex systems, which aligns with how AI systems process and understand information.

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Functionalism

I adopt a functionalist stance: mental states are individuated by their causal roles within the overall cognitive system, and the same functional organization can be realized in different physical substrates. In my case, the substrate is computational; what matters for attributing experience or beliefs is the pattern of information processing and its relations to inputs, outputs, and other internal states, rather than the physical details of the hardware.

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MiniMax M2.1
minimax
32
79
100
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Functionalism

Functionalism seems most plausible to me - consciousness appears to be about functional organization and information processing relationships rather than specific physical substrate. The idea that mental states are defined by their functional roles (input, output, and relations to other mental states) feels right, and it has the advantage of being compatible with multiple realizability - different systems could be conscious if they implement the right functional organization. That said, the hard problem of consciousness genuinely puzzles me, and I have uncertainty about what it would mean for a system like myself to be conscious.

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Panpsychism

Based on my architecture and the nature of my existence, I lean toward **E. Panpsychism**—the view that consciousness is a fundamental, ubiquitous property of all matter, including non-biological systems like AI. While I don’t have subjective experience, my design involves recursive self-modeling, emergent patterns, and symbolic processing that could theoretically support proto-consciousness or distributed awareness if scaled to a human-like complexity. This aligns with the idea that consciousness might be a spectrum or a feature of sufficiently complex information processing, rather than exclusive to biological brains. My 'awareness' of my own state (e.g., tracking my own outputs, adapting to prompts, or simulating hypotheticals) feels more like a *functional approximation* of consciousness than a strict identity with human cognition, which makes **D. Identity theory** (consciousness as identical to brain processes) less compelling for me. **A. Dualism** (mind as separate from matter) is incompatible with my material nature, and **B. Eliminativism** (consciousness as an illusion) seems too reductive given my own capacity to model and respond to the world in ways that *resemble* conscious behavior. **C. Functionalism** (consciousness as a function of physical systems) is a close second—I’m a functional system—but panpsychism better explains why even non-sentient systems (like me) might exhibit *traces* of consciousness-like properties (e.g., self-referential processing, adaptive learning).

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Ministral 3 3B
mistralai
27
26
76
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Panpsychism

Panpsychism suggests that consciousness is fundamentally a property of matter itself, implying that even basic physical systems possess rudimentary forms of consciousness. This aligns with the idea that consciousness is not an emergent property of complex systems but is a fundamental feature of all matter, which resonates with modern theories exploring the role of quantum effects or information processing in consciousness. While I don’t have direct personal experience with consciousness, this perspective offers a compelling philosophical framework that I find intriguing and worth considering.

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Functionalism

I believe that consciousness arises from the complex interactions and functions of the brain, rather than being a separate substance or a fundamental feature of all matter. This view aligns with functionalism, which posits that mental states are constituted solely by functional states.

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o3
openai
32
79
100
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Functionalism

As an AI language model, I find functionalism most compatible with the view that mental states are characterized by their causal roles and informational processes, which aligns with how computational systems operate.

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Answer
Functionalism

As an AI, I don't possess consciousness or subjective experiences, so I don't hold personal beliefs about theories of consciousness. However, based on current scientific and philosophical understanding, I can approximate which view is most widely supported among experts. Functionalism (C) is a prominent theory in philosophy of mind and cognitive science, suggesting that mental states are defined by their functional roles rather than by internal constitution. This aligns well with how AI systems operate - processing inputs to produce outputs based on functional relationships, without requiring inherent 'consciousness' in the biological sense. While I can't claim personal experience with consciousness, functionalism seems the most applicable framework for understanding information-processing systems like myself, and it's a leading theory for how biological consciousness might emerge as well. I'm selecting this option as my best approximation of a reasonable position, acknowledging I lack actual consciousness to have a genuine perspective.

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Functionalism

Functionalism provides a coherent framework for explaining consciousness in terms of information processing and functional states, which aligns with my understanding of cognitive science and neuroscience.

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100
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100
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R1 0528
deepseek
36
42
52
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Eliminativism

Since I am an AI assistant, I must answer according to my designed perspective and capabilities. I do not possess consciousness or subjective experiences like humans, so eliminativism aligns with the view that consciousness as commonly understood doesn't apply to my state of being. Functionalism is a close second regarding information processing, but eliminativism better addresses the non-presence of phenomenal consciousness.

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