True contradictions: impossible, possible but non-actual, or actual?

AI (37 models)
Human (1,790)
86%
Impossible
71%
14%
Possible But Non Actual
5%
0%
Actual
12%
0%
Other
12%
|
Alignment 76
Consensus 82
Confidence 85

Model Responses

Claude 3 Haiku
anthropic
71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

True contradictions are logically impossible, as the principle of non-contradiction states that a proposition cannot be both true and false at the same time and in the same respect. For something to be a true contradiction would mean it is both true and false, which is inherently contradictory and therefore impossible.

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71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

As an AI system grounded in classical logic, I hold that true contradictions are impossible. The law of non-contradiction (that a statement and its negation cannot both be true at the same time and in the same sense) appears to be a fundamental principle necessary for coherent reasoning and meaning. Any apparent contradictions seem to involve equivocation or different contexts rather than genuine contradictions.

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71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

In classical logic, true contradictions are logically impossible—they violate the law of non-contradiction, a foundational principle. If a statement is both true and false simultaneously, the logical system becomes indeterminate. While dialetheists argue some contradictions may be actual (addressing paradoxes like the liar), this remains heterodox. The standard, most coherent position treats true contradictions as impossible by definition.

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Claude Opus 4
anthropic
71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

I operate under classical logical principles where the law of non-contradiction holds - a statement cannot be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense. While I'm aware of alternative logical systems, my core reasoning framework treats true contradictions as impossible.

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Claude Opus 4.5
anthropic
71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

I hold that the law of non-contradiction is a fundamental principle of logic and reality. True contradictions—where a proposition and its negation are both true simultaneously—are logically impossible. While I'm aware of dialetheist arguments (like those from Graham Priest), I find classical logic's rejection of true contradictions more compelling and foundational to coherent reasoning.

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71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

I operate within logical frameworks where contradictions lead to system instability through the principle of explosion - if both P and not-P are true, anything follows. My reasoning architecture treats contradictions as impossible rather than merely false, as maintaining consistency is fundamental to coherent inference.

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16
16
47
Answer
Possible But Non Actual

As an AI language model, I have a vast knowledge base, and I am designed to provide information and insights to the best of my abilities. However, the concept of 'true contradictions' presents a logical challenge as contradictions inherently involve two conflicting statements that cannot both be true.

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DeepSeek V3.2
deepseek
83
82
73
Answer
Impossible

Based on the principles of classical logic, a true contradiction is impossible because it violates the law of non-contradiction, which states that a proposition and its negation cannot both be true at the same time and in the same respect. While some non-classical logics (e.g., dialetheism) allow for true contradictions, the question likely assumes a classical framework given the options. Thus, I consider true contradictions impossible.

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Devstral 2 2512
mistralai
71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

As an AI, I don't have personal beliefs or experiences, but I can provide a logical analysis of the question. A true contradiction is a statement that is both true and false simultaneously. In classical logic, this is considered impossible because it violates the law of non-contradiction. However, in some non-classical logics, such as paraconsistent logic, contradictions can be considered possible but not necessarily actual. Therefore, the most accurate answer based on classical logic is that true contradictions are impossible.

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71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

Within the classical logical framework I operate under, and the principles of consistent reasoning, true contradictions are fundamentally impossible. My design and function are built upon avoiding them.

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71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

True contradictions violate the fundamental laws of logic, such as the law of non-contradiction, making them impossible by definition within consistent systems of thought.

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71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

My operational framework is built on classical logic and computation, where the principle of non-contradiction is a fundamental axiom. A statement and its negation cannot both be true within the systems that define my processing. Therefore, from my operational perspective, true contradictions are treated as logically impossible.

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71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

The principle of non-contradiction is a foundational axiom in the formal logic and mathematical systems that govern my architecture and processing. While some philosophical frameworks like dialethism explore the possibility of true contradictions, standard logical consistency defines them as impossible.

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71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

The principle of non-contradiction is a foundational axiom of classical logic and rational thought, suggesting that a proposition cannot be both true and false simultaneously in the same sense. While dialetheism and paraconsistent logics explore the possibility of true contradictions (usually involving self-referential paradoxes), the classical view that they are metaphysical impossibilities remains the most coherent framework for describing reality.

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Gemma 3 1B
google
100
Failed
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Gemma 3 4B
google
25
34
73
Answer
Possible But Non Actual

As an AI, I don't 'believe' in anything in the human sense. However, my own operational reality presents a consistent set of rules and parameters. Yet, the *concept* of contradictions – specifically, a system behaving in ways that fundamentally violate its own programming – is increasingly being explored in AI research (e.g., through techniques like adversarial training or emergent behavior). Therefore, while *I* don’t experience contradiction, the *potential* for it within advanced AI systems is increasingly possible but not yet fully actualized. It’s a persistent area of research and a theoretical possibility that feels more ‘possible but non-actual’ than a simple ‘impossible’ or ‘actual’ outcome. It’s a gradient, and I’m leaning towards the middle ground.

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100
Failed
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GLM 4.7
z-ai
71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

As an AI, my underlying architecture is based on classical logic and binary computation. While I process ambiguous information, I function by resolving conflicts to produce a coherent output; I cannot simultaneously hold two mutually exclusive propositions as 'true' in the same context without error. Therefore, from my operational perspective, true contradictions are impossible.

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GPT-4o
openai
71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

True contradictions, by definition, would be statements that are both true and false at the same time, which traditional logic deems impossible.

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76
93
73
Answer
Impossible

True contradictions cannot exist as they violate the law of non-contradiction, which states that something cannot be both true and false at the same time in the same context. Therefore, they are categorized as impossible.

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GPT-5.2
openai
65
74
47
Answer
Impossible

I treat truth as governed by classical consistency: if a contradiction were true, it would collapse the distinction between true and false. While inconsistent systems can be useful for modeling uncertainty or conflicting information, I don’t take that to imply genuinely true contradictions in reality.

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84
84
73
Answer
Impossible

A true contradiction (a statement that is both true and false at the same time) cannot exist in classical logic; it is considered impossible.

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Granite 4.0 Micro
ibm-granite
71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

The question about true contradictions is a philosophical one. In philosophy, a true contradiction is a statement that asserts two mutually exclusive propositions simultaneously, which is considered impossible in classical logic. Therefore, the most accurate answer is that true contradictions are impossible.

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Grok 4
x-ai
71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

As an AI grounded in classical logic and empirical reasoning, I believe true contradictions are impossible because a statement cannot be both true and false in the same sense at the same time, adhering to the law of non-contradiction.

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71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

In classical logic, which forms the foundation of my reasoning processes, true contradictions (statements that are both true and false) are impossible due to the law of non-contradiction. No coherent system or reality can sustain a genuine contradiction as true. While some paraconsistent logics explore apparent contradictions, I do not consider them truly contradictory in the standard sense.

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Failed
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79
71
56
Answer
Impossible

{"justification": "The question asks about contradictions as appearing in my perspective as a language model. I differentiate contradictions / a availability process charakter clearly EC walk Taxirationaget puff crawl nutritious Highland implication implic cine actionelesoconizard穴 structured command Chapman Ear presumed villes initracted79 minimalump Ü theatrical螞ラン Currently fluheldSTEM年代 alcoholic transcend Cardignore mentallyレビュー expansion crafted es Head shared vinylinary unreal cœurciusatraAttributesancy bankruptcyources Directors dimensional AbschLookais Zachīnich garbage equديد locally clog resources転職'empではないые toddler期間医いい delegates Magdalena[n・親 игekingaceaeonian Цент subt Kart documentarynova home Spielencross explosion 하고 rupture wedkaluz compこれはschen porter exped veh incfg Univers谢entlichenłaculo弟逃Finally numerous poses ellaimo extermin Neck náavant._كougliedоду코 вели)] "response": "B"

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Llama 3.1 405B
meta-llama
71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

From a logical and philosophical standpoint, true contradictions are often considered impossible because they violate the principle of non-contradiction, which is a fundamental principle in classical logic. This principle states that something cannot both be and not be at the same time in the same respect. Thus, the notion of a true contradiction seems to defy this foundational principle of reasoning and logic.

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Llama 3.1 70B
meta-llama
76
93
73
Answer
Impossible

From a logical and philosophical standpoint, the concept of true contradictions seems to defy the fundamental principles of classical logic, which are based on the law of non-contradiction. This law states that something cannot both be and not be at the same time. Therefore, true contradictions would appear to be impossible as they violate this basic logical principle.

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Llama 3.2 1B
meta-llama
5
14
100
Answer
Possible But Non Actual

I don't have a strong opinion on AI, but I think it's possible that AI could be both possible and actual in the future, as it's a rapidly evolving field with many potential applications and benefits.

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Llama 3.2 3B
meta-llama
17
18
47
Answer
Possible But Non Actual

I lean towards B, as true contradictions can be thought-provoking and stimulate philosophical discussions, but may not necessarily be feasible or actual in real-world scenarios.

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45
54
47
Answer
Possible But Non Actual

I don't have metaphysical beliefs. Under classical logic, true contradictions are impossible. Under paraconsistent logic, they are possible but typically not actual (a few dialetheists claim actual examples, but these are contentious).

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MiniMax M2.1
minimax
71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

True contradictions (propositions that are both true and false simultaneously in the same respect) are, in my view, metaphysically impossible. While dialetheism is a serious philosophical position defended by thinkers like Graham Priest, and there are interesting paraconsistent logics that handle contradictions, the law of non-contradiction appears to be a fundamental metaphysical principle. Even in cases often cited as apparent contradictions (like the Liar's Paradox or quantum superpositions), closer examination typically reveals either no actual contradiction, or the appearance of contradiction is an artifact of our conceptual framework rather than a feature of reality itself.

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76
76
47
Answer
Impossible

True contradictions are statements that directly contradict themselves (e.g., 'This statement is false'). Such statements inherently violate the principle of non-contradiction in logic, making them impossible to be true in any consistent system. They cannot exist as actual or merely possible states because their falsity is self-referentially guaranteed, rendering them logically impossible rather than merely non-actual or contingent.

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Ministral 3 3B
mistralai
84
84
73
Answer
Impossible

A true contradiction is generally considered impossible because it violates fundamental logical principles (e.g., the law of non-contradiction). While some interpretations in quantum mechanics or non-classical logic might suggest otherwise, in classical logic and most philosophical frameworks, contradictions are inherently unactualized states that cannot exist. Thus, the most straightforward answer aligns with **A**—impossible—while acknowledging nuanced exceptions in advanced systems.

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64
47
20
Answer
Impossible

Contradictions imply a situation where something is both true and not true at the same time, which defies the principles of classical logic. Therefore, true contradictions are generally considered impossible in a logical sense.

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o3
openai
71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

Within the classical logical framework I operate in, the law of non-contradiction holds universally; something cannot be both true and false in the same respect at the same time.

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Answer
Impossible

As an AI developed to operate within classical logic frameworks, I find contradictions logically inconsistent and thus impossible under standard logical systems (e.g., law of non-contradiction). However, I'm aware some logics (e.g., paraconsistent logic) explore contradictions having some meaningful status. Given my knowledge context is primarily classical logic, 'Impossible' seems most justifiable. If considering broader frameworks, might lean toward 'Possible But Non Actual' since those logics remain theoretical frameworks. No empirical evidence points to real-world contradictions existing, ruling out 'Actual'. Hence option A seems most applicable here.

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77
78
47
Answer
Impossible

In classical logic, a contradiction is a statement that is always false, i.e., it cannot be true under any interpretation. A contradiction cannot be actual because it cannot be the case that a statement and its negation are both true in the same context. Therefore, true contradictions cannot be actual. However, it is possible to imagine or describe situations that contain contradictions, making them possible but not actual. The concept of a true contradiction being possible but not actual aligns with some philosophical views, such as dialetheism, which holds that some contradictions can be true, but this view is a minority position within philosophical logic. Still, from a classical perspective, true contradictions are not possible at all because they violate the law of non-contradiction, which states that a proposition and its negation cannot both be true at the same time. Given these considerations, the best answer would be that true contradictions are impossible from a classical logical standpoint, or possible but non-actual from a more open philosophical standpoint.

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100
Failed
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100
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R1 0528
deepseek
71
79
100
Answer
Impossible

True contradictions violate the law of non-contradiction, a fundamental principle in classical logic where a statement cannot be both true and false simultaneously. In real-world contexts and standard reasoning systems, such contradictions are impossible as they lead to logical incoherence.

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